In the United States, libertarianism is a political philosophy promoting individual liberty. According to common meanings of conservatism and liberalism in the United States, libertarianism has been described as conservative on economic issues (economic liberalism) and liberal on personal freedom (civil libertarianism), often associated with a foreign policy of non-interventionism. Broadly, there are four principal traditions within libertarianism, namely the libertarianism that developed in the mid-20th century out of the revival tradition of classical liberalism in the United States after liberalism associated with the New Deal; the libertarianism developed in the 1950s by anarcho-capitalist author Murray Rothbard, who based it on the anti-New Deal Old Right and 19th-century libertarianism and American individualist anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner while rejecting the labor theory of value in favor of Austrian School economics and the subjective theory of value; the libertarianism developed in the 1970s by Robert Nozick and founded in American and European classical liberal traditions; and the libertarianism associated with the Libertarian Party, which was founded in 1971, including politicians such as David Nolan and Ron Paul.
The right-libertarianism associated with people such as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick, whose book Anarchy, State, and Utopia received significant attention in academia according to David Lewis Schaefer, is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States, compared to that of left-libertarianism. The latter is associated with the left-wing of the modern libertarian movement and more recently to the political positions associated with academic philosophers Hillel Steiner, Philippe Van Parijs and Peter Vallentyne that combine self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources; it is also related to anti-capitalist, free-market anarchist strands such as left-wing market anarchism, referred to as market-oriented left-libertarianism to distinguish itself from other forms of libertarianism.
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Natural-rights libertarianism (also known as deontological liberalism, deontological libertarianism, libertarian moralism, natural rights-based libertarianism, philosophical libertarianism or rights-theorist libertarianism) is the theory that all individuals possess certain natural or moral rights, mainly a right of individual sovereignty and that therefore acts of initiation of force and fraud are rights-violations and that is sufficient reason to oppose those acts.
La John Birch Society (JBS) est une association conservatrice américaine, fondée à Indianapolis en 1958. Son nom fait référence à , militaire et missionnaire protestant, tué par des communistes chinois en 1945, considéré ainsi comme la première victime de la guerre froide. Elle a été fondée en 1958, par une douzaine de personnes, dont Robert W. Welch, Jr., ancien industriel. Avant tout anticommuniste, la JBS, qui défend les valeurs judéo-chrétiennes, compte des personnalités des courants paléoconservateur et paléolibertarien, s'oppose à l'interventionnisme, à l'immigration illégale, ainsi qu'au collectivisme.
Le nom de conservatisme fiscal est donné à différentes approches de la politique fiscale. Aux États-Unis et au Canada, le conservatisme fiscal (fiscal conservatism) est une philosophie politique et économique qui prône, pour la mise en œuvre de la politique budgétaire, la baisse des impôts, la réduction des dépenses publiques et de la dette publique. Elle favorise généralement des instruments tels que le libre-échange, la déréglementation de l'économie, la baisse des impôts, et la privatisation.
We extend results on the dynamical low-rank approximation for the treatment of time-dependent matrices and tensors (Koch and Lubich; see [SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 29 (2007), pp. 434-454], [SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 31 (2010), pp. 2360-2375]) to the re ...
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics2013
The present thesis studies the acceptability of environmental policy in Switzerland. The first part of the thesis concentrates on citizens' demand for environmental quality at ballots. The analysis is guided by the public choice framework, which is rooted ...