Neurobiological effects of physical exercise

Résumé

The neurobiological effects of physical exercise are numerous and involve a wide range of interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and cognition. A large body of research in humans has demonstrated that consistent aerobic exercise (e.g., 30 minutes every day) induces persistent improvements in certain cognitive functions, healthy alterations in gene expression in the brain, and beneficial forms of neuroplasticity and behavioral plasticity; some of these long-term effects include: increased neuron growth, increased neurological activity (e.g., c-Fos and BDNF signaling), improved stress coping, enhanced cognitive control of behavior, improved declarative, spatial, and working memory, and structural and functional improvements in brain structures and pathways associated with cognitive control and memory. The effects of exercise on cognition have important implications for improving academic performance in children and college students, improving adult productivity, preserving cognitive function in old age, preventing or treating certain neurological disorders, and improving overall quality of life. In healthy adults, aerobic exercise has been shown to induce transient effects on cognition after a single exercise session and persistent effects on cognition following regular exercise over the course of several months. People who regularly perform an aerobic exercise (e.g., running, jogging, brisk walking, swimming, and cycling) have greater scores on neuropsychological function and performance tests that measure certain cognitive functions, such as attentional control, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, working memory updating and capacity, declarative memory, spatial memory, and information processing speed. The transient effects of exercise on cognition include improvements in most executive functions (e.g., attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, problem solving, and decision making) and information processing speed for a period of up to 2 hours after exercising.

Source officielle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise

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Background Positive symptoms are a useful predictor of aggression in schizophrenia. Although a similar pattern of abnormal brain structures related to both positive symptoms and aggression has been reported, this observation has not yet been confirmed in a single sample. Method To study the association between positive symptoms and aggression in schizophrenia on a neurobiological level, a prospective meta-analytic approach was employed to analyze harmonized structural neuroimaging data from 10 research centers worldwide. We analyzed brain MRI scans from 902 individuals with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia and 952 healthy controls. Results The result identified a widespread cortical thickness reduction in schizophrenia compared to their controls. Two separate meta-regression analyses revealed that a common pattern of reduced cortical gray matter thickness within the left lateral temporal lobe and right midcingulate cortex was significantly associated with both positive symptoms and aggression. Conclusion These findings suggested that positive symptoms such as formal thought disorder and auditory misperception, combined with cognitive impairments reflecting difficulties in deploying an adaptive control toward perceived threats, could escalate the likelihood of aggression in schizophrenia.

2020

Proteolytic processing of the synaptic cell adhesion molecule neurexin-3beta and the neurobiological functions of the resulting cleavage products

Magda Maria Palczynska

Neurexins are key synaptic cell adhesion molecules involved in synapse specification and maturation. They couple synaptic activity and cell adhesion to regulate activity-dependent synapse development. Recently, neurexin processing by alpha- and gamma- secretases has been reported. In the present study, we characterized the sites at which Nrxn3beta is processed by alpha- and gamma- secretases, identified the enzymes responsible for the shedding, characterised the fragments resulting from the cleavage and investigated the potential functions of generated fragments. We show that Nrxn3beta is shed at two sites- one processed by ADAM17, the other by ADAM10. The shedding generates two soluble ectodomain (sNrxn3beta) fragments and two C-terminal fragments (CTFs). Each CTF is further processed by gamma-secretase to generate one intracellular domain (ICD) and multiple P3-like or Abeta-like fragments. We show that the production of the main sNrxn3beta generated by ADAM10 affects axonal bouton development and spinogenesis during adult newborn neuron development in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrate that sNrxn3beta affects the expression of genes associated with regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (Rab3a), NMDA receptor subunit composition (Grin2c) and metalloprotease inhibition (TIMP-1). Furthermore, we report first evidence that the ICD generation might influence the levels of a protein responsible for the NMDA delivery to dendritic sites (KIF17). The investigation of properties of neurexin P3-like and Abeta-like fragments revealed a tendency of Abeta-like fragments to form oligomers and exert a toxic effect in primary cortical neurons. Our study shed light on the molecular pathways regulated by neurexin cleavage fragments and their possible implications in different pathologies.

EPFL2016