Mot (architecture informatique)En architecture informatique, un mot est une unité de base manipulée par un microprocesseur. On parle aussi de mot machine. La taille d’un mot s’exprime en bits, parfois même en octets. Elle est souvent utilisée pour classer les microprocesseurs (, ). Toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, un microprocesseur est d’autant plus rapide que ses mots sont longs, car les données qu'il traite à chaque cycle sont plus importantes.
ILLIAC IVThe ILLIAC IV was the first massively parallel computer. The system was originally designed to have 256 64-bit floating point units (FPUs) and four central processing units (CPUs) able to process 1 billion operations per second. Due to budget constraints, only a single "quadrant" with 64 FPUs and a single CPU was built. Since the FPUs all had to process the same instruction – ADD, SUB etc. – in modern terminology the design would be considered to be single instruction, multiple data, or SIMD.
Taxonomie de FlynnLa taxonomie de Flynn est une classification des architectures d'ordinateur, proposée par Michael Flynn en 1966. Les quatre catégories définies par Flynn sont classées selon le type d'organisation du flux de données et du flux d'instructions. SISD (unique flux d'instructions, unique flux de données) Il s'agit d'un ordinateur séquentiel qui n'exploite aucun parallélisme, tant au niveau des instructions qu'au niveau de la mémoire. Cette catégorie correspond à l'architecture de von Neumann.
Central processing unitA central processing unit (CPU)—also called a central processor or main processor—is the most important processor in a given computer. Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a computer program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with that of external components, such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized coprocessors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over time, but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged.
Cray-3The Cray-3 was a vector supercomputer, Seymour Cray's designated successor to the Cray-2. The system was one of the first major applications of gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductors in computing, using hundreds of custom built ICs packed into a CPU. The design goal was performance around 16 GFLOPS, about 12 times that of the Cray-2. Work started on the Cray-3 in 1988 at Cray Research's (CRI) development labs in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. Other teams at the lab were working on designs with similar performance.
Supercomputer architectureApproaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance. However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems.
