Assurance chômage

Résumé

L'assurance chômage (ou au Canada l'assurance-emploi), est un régime d'assurance sociale qui vise à compenser la perte de salaire des assurés privés d'emploi, involontairement ou non. Selon les pays, l'assujettissement des travailleurs peut être obligatoire, et l'ouverture des droits peut être subordonné à des périodes minimales d'emploi (et donc de cotisation) préalables. Le revenu de remplacement, appelé « prestations chômage » ou « allocations chômage », peut compenser en tout ou partie la perte des revenus du travail, selon les modalités d'indemnisation prévues et les droits de chaque assuré. Algérie La Caisse nationale d’assurance-chômage (CNAC) a été créée en 1994, en tant qu’institution publique de sécurité sociale algérienne. Elle est chargée de l’indemnisation du chômage des anciens salariés ayant fait l’objet d’un licenciement. Cette activité, importante entre 1996 et 1999, a cependant diminué depuis. Depuis 2004, la CNAC est chargée de la mise en œuvre d’un disp

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurance_ch%C3%B4mage

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Induced technological change and the timing of public R&D investment in the Japanese electricity sector considering a two-factor learning curve

Takafumi Usui

The UNFCCC has stated that energy policies and measures to address climate change should be cost-effective to ensure global benefits at the lowest possible cost. To mitigate the bulk of carbon emission from the electricity sector, a large market penetration of renewable energy technologies with as low cost as possible is a key research topic. The energy-related R&D policy in Japan aims to achieve a green economy. In our study, based on this context, we demonstrated how to optimize the timing of public R&D investment within the framework of a bottom-up partial equilibrium model. The developed optimization model represents the Japanese electricity sector and minimizes the total system cost subject to an accumulated carbon emission constraint. Our main research focus is the role of R&D activity, especially in the innovation stage of renewable technologies. We employ a two-factor learning curve and quantify the impact of the learning effect on the dynamic diffusion of major renewable technologies. The study shows a dynamic technology transition in the Japanese electricity sector and the optimized R&D investment schedule for each renewable technology. With the first-best energy policy, an R&D budget of more than 2000 million USD would be allocated to PV in 2050, which corresponds to 45% of the energy-related Japanese R&D budget in 2050. Because some have criticized the uncertainty problems with dynamic simulations and learning models, supplemental sensitivity analyses are included.

Springer Verlag2017

Chargement

Life cycle efficiency ratio: a new performance indicator for a life cycle driven approach to evaluate the potential of ventilative cooling and thermal inertia

Jérôme Philippe Bonvin, Arianna Brambilla, Flourentzos Flourentzou, Thomas Bernard Paul Jusselme

Building envelope design has gained importance as a means to reduce heating and cooling demand related to a building’s operational phase. However, in high internal load buildings, such as offices, internal gains can easily lead to overheating. Thermal inertia (TI) and night ventilation have a great potential for reducing heat loads and temperature. However, their influence is difficult to predict due to the complex nature of the TI phenomenon, which is related to the interactions of multiple factors such as architecture, building physics and external conditions. Moreover, TI efficacy has often been studied in relation to energy savings or temperature analysis, overlooking other aspects implicated in buildings’ efficiency, such as the embodied energy involved. This paper presents a multidimensional approach to evaluate ventilative cooling and thermal inertia as a sustainable strategy to improve building performances. To that end, several scenarios of night ventilation strategies have been applied to the case study of an experimental double-office room placed in Fribourg (Switzerland). Based on this monitoring, a dynamic software simulation tool has been calibrated and used to analyze the energy savings potential and the life-cycle performance of TI. A new ratio index has been introduced to easily evaluate the life cycle efficiency. The results show the importance of balancing operational and embodied impacts when evaluating a design choice. Although high TI levels have great benefits on reducing the cooling loads, the results are completely different when a life cycle assessment is applied. Natural ventilation coupled with middle levels of TI have been identified as the best strategy to optimize the building’s energy and environmental performances, without compromising indoor temperatures.

2018

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Computational science has seen in the last decades a spectacular rise in the scope, breadth, and depth of its efforts. Notwithstanding this prevalence and impact, it is often still performed using the renaissance model of individual artisans gathered in a workshop, under the guidance of an established practitioner. Great benefits could follow instead from adopting concepts and tools coming from computer science to manage, preserve, and share these computational efforts. We illustrate here our paradigm sustaining such vision, based around the four pillars of Automation, Data, Environment, and Sharing. We then discuss its implementation in the open-source AiiDA platform (http://www.aiida.net), that has been tuned first to the demands of computational materials science. AiiDA's design is based on directed acyclic graphs to track the provenance of data and calculations, and ensure preservation and searchability. Remote computational resources are managed transparently, and automation is coupled with data storage to ensure reproducibility. Last, complex sequences of calculations can be encoded into scientific workflows. We believe that AiiDA's design and its sharing capabilities will encourage the creation of social ecosystems to disseminate codes, data, and scientific workflows. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier Science Bv2016

Chargement

Life cycle efficiency ratio: a new performance indicator for a life cycle driven approach to evaluate the potential of ventilative cooling and thermal inertia

Jérôme Philippe Bonvin, Arianna Brambilla, Flourentzos Flourentzou, Thomas Bernard Paul Jusselme

2018