Test neuropsychologique

Résumé

Un test neuropsychologique est un questionnaire, une échelle ou un paradigme permettant d'évaluer le bon fonctionnement des fonctions ou processus cognitifs comme la mémoire, le langage, la planification, l'attention, la prise de décision, etc. Ces fonctions étant sous-tendues biologiquement par une région cérébrale, ou plus généralement par un réseau de régions cérébrales, le test neuropsychologique est également utilisé pour évaluer l'intégrité de ces structures au sein du cerveau. Il permet donc indirectement l'évaluation du bon fonctionnement du cerveau Humain. Ces tests, pratiqués essentiellement par les neuropsychologues (psychologues spécialisés en neuropsychologie), ou dans une moindre mesure par certains médecins ou orthophonistes, sont particulièrement importants pour évaluer la sévérité d'une maladie ou d'une affection neurologique et son impact sur le fonctionnement cognitif et intellectuel. Encore aujourd'hui, ils sont primordiaux pour le diagnostic de certaines maladie

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_neuropsychologique

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Publications associées (25)

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Clinical observations have shown that GABA-acting benzodiazepines exert paradoxical excitatory effects in autism, suggesting elevated intracellular chloride (Cl-)(i) and excitatory action of GABA. In a previous double-blind randomized study, we have shown that the diuretic NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide, that decreases (Cl-)(i) and reinforces GABAergic inhibition, reduces the severity of autism symptoms. Here, we report results from an open-label trial pilot study in which we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing to determine the effects of 10 months bumetanide treatment in adolescents and young adults with autism. We show that bumetanide treatment improves emotion recognition and enhances the activation of brain regions involved in social and emotional perception during the perception of emotional faces. The improvement of emotion processing by bumetanide reinforces the usefulness of bumetanide as a promising treatment to improve social interactions in autism.

Sage Publications Ltd2015

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Depersonalization- and derealization-like phenomena of epileptic origin

Olaf Blanke, Nathaniel Evans, Lukas Heydrich

Objective Depersonalization refers to the sensation of being detached from one's body, often associated with feelings of loss of control over one's own body, actions, or thoughts. Derealization refers to the altered perception of one's surroundings that is experienced as unreal. Although usually reported by psychiatric patients suffering from depression or anxiety, single case reports and small case series have described depersonalization- and derealization-like symptoms in the context of epilepsy. Methods We investigated the brain mechanisms of ictal depersonalization- and derealization like symptoms by analyzing clinical and neuropsychological data as well as the epileptogenic zone based on a multimodal approach in a group of patients reporting depersonalization- (n = 9) and derealization-like symptoms (n = 7), from a single presurgical epilepsy center with focal epilepsy. We compared them with a group of control patients with experiential phenomena due to temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 28). Results We show that all patients with ictal depersonalization-like symptoms report altered self-identification with their body and mostly suffer from frontal lobe epilepsy with the epileptogenic zone in the dorsal premotor cortex, while patients with derealization-like symptoms suffer from temporal lobe epilepsy. This finding is supported by post-ictal neuropsychological deficits, showing that depersonalization-like symptoms were significantly more often associated with frontal lobe dysfunction as compared to the control patients and patients with derealization-like symptoms. Conclusion We argue that depersonalization of epileptic origin constitutes a distinct disorder due to frontal lobe epilepsy. We discuss these findings with respect to earlier accounts of depersonalization and the recent concept of bodily self-consciousness.

2019

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Praxic functions are frequently altered following brain lesion, giving rise to apraxia - a complex pattern of impairments that is difficult to assess or interpret. In this chapter, we review the current taxonomies of apraxia and related cognitive and neuropsychological models. We also address the questions of the neuroanatomical correlates of apraxia, the relation between apraxia and aphasia and the analysis of apraxic errors. We provide a possible explanation for the difficulties encountered in investigating apraxia and also several approaches to overcome them, such as systematic investigation and modeling studies. Finally, we argue for a multidisciplinary approach. For example, apraxia should be studied in consideration with and could contribute to other fields such as normal motor control, neuroimaging and neurophysiology.

Elsevier2007

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