Espèce introduite

Résumé

vignette|300px|Le blé Triticum est une espèce originaire de Mésopotamie introduite dans le monde entier. On qualifie d'espèce introduite une population identifiée/isolée d'une espèce donnée -- qu'elle soit présente ou maintenue présente artificiellement (espèces domestiquées, espèces « adventives ») en cours de naturalisation ou déjà naturalisée -- dans un territoire donnée, considérant qu'elle n'est pas une espèce indigène dudit territoire mais y a été importée par une intervention humaine (délibérée ou non). Dans le cas où le taxon est d'introduction récente et est nuisible à un écosystème donné, on parle d'espèce exotique envahissante. Il s'agit d'un cas particulier d'espèce allochtone (intervention ou pas de l'homme). Le Réseau d’information européen sur les espèces exotiques (European Alien Species Information Network - EASIN), lancé en 2012 par la Commission Européenne, recense plus de exotiques présentes en Europe, couvrant tous types de taxons et d'habitats. Notes

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce_introduite

À propos de ce résultat

Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.

Publications associées (39)

Chargement

Afficher plus

Publications associées

Chargement

Personnes associées (2)

Personnes associées

Chargement

Unités associées (2)

Unités associées

Chargement

Concepts associés (76)

Concepts associés

Chargement

Cours associés (4)

Cours associés

Chargement

Séances de cours associées (4)

Séances de cours associées

Chargement

Publications associées (39)

Distinct invasion strategies operating within a natural annual plant system

Justine Marie Gay des Combes, Thomas Spiegelberger

Alien plant species are known to have a wide range of impacts on recipient communities, from resident species' exclusions to coexistence with resident species. It remains unclear; however, if this variety of impacts is due to different invader strategies, features of recipient communities or both. To test this, we examined multiple plant invasions of a single ecosystem in southwestern Australia. We used extensive community data to calculate pairwise segregation between target alien species and many co-occurring species. We related segregation to species' positions along community trait hierarchies and identified at least two distinct invasion strategies: exploiters' which occupy high positions along key trait hierarchies and reduce local native species diversity (particularly in nutrient-enriched situations), and coexisters' who occupy intermediate trait positions and have no discernable impact on native diversity. We conclude that trait hierarchies, linked to measures of competition, can provide valuable insights about the processes driving different invasion outcomes.

Wiley-Blackwell2015

Chargement

Understanding how neural circuits remodel and adapt to animal behavior is a central theme in the field of Neuroscience. One strategy to reach this goal is to repeatedly record the same animal's neural circuits and observe how they adapt when facing different challenges. Research has primarily focused on identifying neural circuits and connectivity maps within the brains of model organisms. Nevertheless, it has become evident that functional recordings are essential to have a complete understanding of how neural circuits generate behaviors. Numerous techniques have been introduced to record activity from brain circuits in model animals spanning from monkeys to insects. However, imaging the spinal cord in mammals or the ventral nerve cord in insects remains an open challenge due to the complexity of obtaining optical access without impacting the animal's behavior and damaging neural tissues. As a result, we have very limited information on how neural circuits in the spinal cord generate behaviors and how they adapt to different experiences such as injury or aging. Drosophila is a perfect model organism for carrying out this line of research thanks to its small size, genetically tractable nervous system, and behavioral diversity. The results are relevant to human physiology and behavior as many mechanisms have homologs in mammals. What is missing is a technological advancement that allows recording of behavior, structural changes in the circuits, and spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity on the same animal.This thesis addresses this gap and introduces two novel methods for in vivo functional recordings of the fly's ventral nerve cord (VNC). The first one gains short-term access to the fly's VNC using a novel dissection preparation. The second one enables long-term functional recordings of the fly's VNC thanks to a toolkit combining four microengineered devices: a surgical arm, a V-shape implant, an optically transparent and numbered window and a remounting stage. The toolkit is suitable for both male and female flies and provides optical access to the VNC for at least one month. Additionally, the long-term toolkit does not impact flies' behaviors compared to intact flies and can be used to image both sparse and large populations of neural activity in flies' cervical connective and VNC. The toolkit was tested in two proof-of-concept (POC) applications. In the first POC, the toolkit monitored the degradation of sensory neurons in the VNC over weeks following limb amputation. In the second POC, the toolkit monitored global changes in neural dynamics following ingestion of a high-concentration caffeine solution. In conclusion, this thesis introduces new techniques for functional recordings of the fly's cervical connective and VNC over short and long time scales. They enable optical access to the fly's cervical connective that can be leveraged to study the content of information transmitted between the brain and the VNC while the fly is behaving. The two POCs demonstrate that the novel technology is ideally suited for long-term experiments and could be applied to a wide range of studies. For instance, the toolkit could be used to investigate how behaviors are encoded in the fly's VNC and how they adapt over time to experiences such as disease, aging, drug intake and learning.

EPFL2022

Chargement

Trajectory Data Analysis on the Spatial and Temporal Influence of Pedestrian Flow on Path Planning Decision

Michel Bierlaire, Jeongyun Kim

The modeling of walking behavior and design of walk-friendly urban pathways have been of interest to many researchers over the past decades. One of the major issues in pedestrian modeling is path planning decision-making in a dynamic walking environment with different pedestrian flows. While previous studies have agreed that pedestrian flow influences path planning, only a few studies have dealt with the empirical data to show the relationship between pedestrian flow and path planning behavior. This study introduces a new methodology for analyzing pedestrian trajectory data to find the dynamic walking conditions that influence the path planning decision. The comparison of the pedestrians' path shows that the higher proportion of opposite flows are, the greater they influence the path selection decision. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the opposite flow changes and path planning behavior and find the spatial and temporal ranges of the opposite flow that affects the path planning behavior. Lastly, we find the ratio of pedestrians that update their paths with respect to the opposite flow rate.

MDPI2020

Chargement

Afficher plus

EPFL2022