Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic analyses. The goal is to assemble a phylogenetic tree representing a hypothesis about the evolutionary ancestry of a set of genes, species, or other taxa. For example, these techniques have been used to explore the family tree of hominid species and the relationships between specific genes shared by many types of organisms.
Traditional phylogenetics relies on morphological data obtained by measuring and quantifying the phenotypic properties of representative organisms, while the more recent field of molecular phylogenetics uses nucleotide sequences encoding genes or amino acid sequences encoding proteins as the basis for classification.
Many forms of molecular phylogenetics are closely related to and make extensive use of sequence alignment in constructing and refining phylogenetic trees, which are used to classify the evolutionary relationships between homologous genes represented in the genomes of divergent species. The phylogenetic trees constructed by computational methods are unlikely to perfectly reproduce the evolutionary tree that represents the historical relationships between the species being analyzed. The historical species tree may also differ from the historical tree of an individual homologous gene shared by those species.
Phylogenetic trees generated by computational phylogenetics can be either rooted or unrooted depending on the input data and the algorithm used. A rooted tree is a directed graph that explicitly identifies a most recent common ancestor (MRCA), usually an imputed sequence that is not represented in the input. Genetic distance measures can be used to plot a tree with the input sequences as leaf nodes and their distances from the root proportional to their genetic distance from the hypothesized MRCA. Identification of a root usually requires the inclusion in the input data of at least one "outgroup" known to be only distantly related to the sequences of interest.
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Les constituants biochimiques de l'organisme, protéines, glucides, lipides, à la lumière de l'évolution des concepts et des progrès en biologie moléculaire et génétique, sont étudiés.
Les méthodes de maximum de parcimonie, ou plus simplement méthodes de parcimonie ou encore parcimonie de Wagner, sont une méthode statistique non-paramétrique très utilisée, notamment pour l'inférence phylogénétique. Cette méthode permet de construire des arbres de classification hiérarchique après enracinement, lesquels permettent d'obtenir des informations sur la structure de parenté d'un ensemble de taxons. Sous l'hypothèse du maximum de parcimonie, l'arbre phylogénétique « préféré » est celui qui requiert le plus petit nombre de changements évolutifs.
Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) may refer to the process or the result of sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA. In many cases, the input set of query sequences are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship by which they share a linkage and are descended from a common ancestor. From the resulting MSA, sequence homology can be inferred and phylogenetic analysis can be conducted to assess the sequences' shared evolutionary origins.
Les matrices de similarité ou matrices de substitution sont des matrices utilisées en bioinformatique pour réaliser des alignements de séquences biologiques reliées évolutivement. Elles permettent de donner un score de similarité ou de ressemblance entre deux acides aminés. Ces matrices, M, sont des matrices 20 x 20 (pour les 20 acides aminés protéinogènes standards) qui recensent l'ensemble des scores M(a,b) obtenus lorsqu'on substitue l'acide aminé a à l'acide b dans un alignement.
Local and global inference methods have been developed to infer structural contacts from multiple sequence alignments of homologous proteins. They rely on correlations in amino acid usage at contacting sites. Because homologous proteins share a common ance ...
ROYAL SOC2023
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In this paper we consider two aspects of the inverse problem of how to construct merge trees realizing a given barcode. Much of our investigation exploits a recently discovered connection between the symmetric group and barcodes in general position, based ...
Glacier-fed streams are the cold, ultra-oligotrophic, and unstable streams that are fed by glacial meltwater. Despite these extreme conditions, they harbour a diverse and abundant microbial diversity that develops into biofilms, covering the boulders and s ...