Hématome sous-duralL'hématome sous-dural, ou hémorragie sous-durale, désigne l'épanchement de sang dans les espaces méningés. À la suite d'un traumatisme crânien avec lésion des petites veinules qui traversent l'espace sous-dural, l'hémorragie a lieu entre l'arachnoïde qui entoure le cerveau et le feuillet interne de la dure-mère qui est en contact avec la boîte crânienne. L'hématome ne peut pas traverser de l'autre côté du cerveau par rapport au côté d'origine de l'hémorragie. En effet, la faux du cerveau sépare en deux l'espace sous-dural.
Alcohol (drug)Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is a depressant drug that is the active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). It is one of the oldest and most commonly consumed recreational drugs, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication ("drunkenness"). Among other effects, alcohol produces happiness and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generalized depression of central nervous system (CNS) function.
Hématome extraduralL'hématome extradural ou épidural ou encore péridural est un épanchement de sang entre un os du crâne et la dure-mère du cerveau. C’est une des complications possibles d'un traumatisme crânien majeur chez l'homme. Les traumatismes crâniens et lésions rachidiennes sont une des causes de mortalité les plus fréquentes chez le jeune adulte. Ils nécessitent examen clinique et radiologique rapides qui seuls peuvent permettre une prise en charge adéquate.
Lésion axonale diffuseLes lésions axonales diffuses sont des cas de traumatisme crânien fréquents et de pronostic très défavorable. Elles se traduisent par des dommages sur une zone étendue du cerveau, dans la matière blanche, et sont une cause majeure de comas persistants et d'états végétatifs. Les lésions axonales diffuses, phénomène présent dans 50 % des traumatismes crâniens graves, sont de divers degrés de sévérités (légères, modérées, graves). Les victimes des cas les plus légers peuvent espérer une rémission plus ou moins complète.
Post-traumatic epilepsyPost-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a form of acquired epilepsy that results from brain damage caused by physical trauma to the brain (traumatic brain injury, abbreviated TBI). A person with PTE experiences repeated post-traumatic seizures (PTS, seizures that result from TBI) more than a week after the initial injury. PTE is estimated to constitute 5% of all cases of epilepsy and over 20% of cases of acquired epilepsy (in which seizures are caused by an identifiable organic brain condition).
Altered level of consciousnessAn altered level of consciousness is any measure of arousal other than normal. Level of consciousness (LOC) is a measurement of a person's arousability and responsiveness to stimuli from the environment. A mildly depressed level of consciousness or alertness may be classed as lethargy; someone in this state can be aroused with little difficulty. People who are obtunded have a more depressed level of consciousness and cannot be fully aroused. Those who are not able to be aroused from a sleep-like state are said to be stuporous.
Skull fractureA skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as a result of blunt force trauma. If the force of the impact is excessive, the bone may fracture at or near the site of the impact and cause damage to the underlying structures within the skull such as the membranes, blood vessels, and brain.
Acquired brain injuryAcquired brain injury (ABI) is brain damage caused by events after birth, rather than as part of a genetic or congenital disorder such as fetal alcohol syndrome, perinatal illness or perinatal hypoxia. ABI can result in cognitive, physical, emotional, or behavioural impairments that lead to permanent or temporary changes in functioning. These impairments result from either traumatic brain injury (e.g. physical trauma due to accidents, assaults, neurosurgery, head injury etc.
Penetrating head injuryA penetrating head injury, or open head injury, is a head injury in which the dura mater, the outer layer of the meninges, is breached. Penetrating injury can be caused by high-velocity projectiles or objects of lower velocity such as knives, or bone fragments from a skull fracture that are driven into the brain. Head injuries caused by penetrating trauma are serious medical emergencies and may cause permanent disability or death. A penetrating head injury involves "a wound in which an object breaches the cranium but does not exit it.
Post-traumatic seizurePost-traumatic seizures (PTS) are seizures that result from traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain damage caused by physical trauma. PTS may be a risk factor for post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE), but a person having a seizure or seizures due to traumatic brain injury does not necessarily have PTE, which is a form of epilepsy, a chronic condition in which seizures occur repeatedly. However, "PTS" and "PTE" may be used interchangeably in medical literature. Seizures are usually an indication of a more severe TBI.
