Identifiant | EPFL Graph Search

Un identifiant est une sorte de nom qui sert à identifier un objet précis dans un ensemble d'objets ; ou plus largement toute suite de caractères qui joue ce rôle-là. En principe, un identifiant devrait être unique pour chaque objet. En pratique (comme pour les noms de personnes ou de lieux) ce n'est pas toujours le cas, sauf s'il s'agit d'un ensemble d'identifiants défini par une norme technique. Métadonnée Un identifiant de métadonnée est un signe, une étiquette ou un jeton indépendant du langage, qui identifie de manière unique un objet au sein d'un schéma d'identification. Un identificateur de suffixe est également utilisé comme un terme de représentation lors de la nomination d'un élément de donnée. En informatique En informatique, les identifiants (ID pour IDentifier en anglais) sont des marqueurs lexicaux qui nomment des entités. Les identifiants sont pratiquement toujours utilisés par les systèmes de traitement de l'information. Identifier des entités

Leverage Point Identification Method for LAV-Based State Estimation

Mathias Dorier, Guglielmo Frigo, Mario Paolone

In this paper we enunciate and rigorously demonstrate a new lemma that, based on a previously proposed theorem, proves the identifiability of leverage points in state estimation with specific reference to the Least Absolute Value (LAV) estimator. In this context, we also propose an algorithm for the leverage point identification in LAV estimators whose performance is validated by means of extensive numerical simulations and compared against the well-known approach of Projection Statistics (PS). The obtained results confirm that the proposed method outperforms PS and represents a significant enhancement for LAV-based state estimators as it correctly identifies all the leverage points in the measurement set.

2021

Tissue- and sex-specific small RNAomes reveal sex differences in response to the environment

Alexandra Bezler, Raffaella Conconi, Pierre Gönczy, Laurent Keller, Frédéric Schütz

RNA interference (RNAi) related pathways are essential for germline development and fertility in metazoa and can contribute to inter- and trans-generational inheritance. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, environmental double-stranded RNA provided by feeding can lead to heritable changes in phenotype and gene expression. Notably, transmission efficiency differs between the male and female germline, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we use high-throughput sequencing of dissected gonads to quantify sex-specific endogenous piRNAs, miRNAs and siRNAs in the C. elegans germline and the somatic gonad. We identify genes with exceptionally high levels of secondary 22G RNAs that are associated with low mRNA expression, a signature compatible with silencing. We further demonstrate that contrary to the hermaphrodite germline, the male germline, but not male soma, is resistant to environmental RNAi triggers provided by feeding, in line with previous work. This sex-difference in silencing efficacy is associated with lower levels of gonadal RNAi amplification products. Moreover, this tissue- and sex-specific RNAi resistance is regulated by the germline, since mutant males with a feminized germline are RNAi sensitive. This study provides important sex- and tissue-specific expression data of miRNA, piRNA and siRNA as well as mechanistic insights into sex-differences of gene regulation in response to environmental cues. Author summary Environmental factors such as heat or pathogens influence living organisms, and in some cases these experiences can be passed on to the next generation. One such environmental factor is double stranded RNA that can be taken up by some animals and induce changes in gene expression via small RNA mediated silencing. Here, we use the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans to show that the female and male germline react differently to the presence of such an environmental factor that may affect transmission to following generations. Sequencing of gonadal small RNA suggests that the underlying sex-differences affect downstream processing but not uptake. Furthermore, we describe the naturally occurring small RNA populations of female and male gonads and use genetic mutants to assign small RNAs to the two tissues of the gonad, namely the somatic gonad or the germline. These sex-and tissue-specific small RNA expression data provide an important resource for future research. In addition, this work reveals mechanistic insights into sex-differences in response to environmental cues.

PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE2019

The Dynamics of Handwriting Improves the Automated Diagnosis of Dysgraphia

Thibault Lucien Christian Asselborn, Wafa Monia Benkaouar Johal, Pierre Dillenbourg

Handwriting disorder (termed dysgraphia) is a far from a singular problem as nearly 8.6% of the population in France is considered dysgraphic. Moreover, research highlights the fundamental importance to detect and remediate these handwriting difficulties as soon as possible as they may affect a child's entire life, undermining performance and self-confidence in a wide variety of school activities. At the moment, the detection of handwriting difficulties is performed through a standard test called BHK. This detection, performed by therapists, is laborious because of its high cost and subjectivity. We present a digital approach to identify and characterize handwriting difficulties via a Recurrent Neural Network model (RNN). The child under investigation is asked to write on a graphics tablet all the letters of the alphabet as well as the ten digits. Once complete, the RNN delivers a diagnosis in a few milliseconds and demonstrates remarkable efficiency as it correctly identifies more than 90% of children diagnosed as dysgraphic using the BHK test. The main advantage of our tablet-based system is that it captures the dynamic features of writing -- something a human expert, such as a teacher, is unable to do. We show that incorporating the dynamic information available by the use of tablet is highly beneficial to our digital test to discriminate between typically-developing and dysgraphic children.

2019

Tissue- and sex-specific small RNAomes reveal sex differences in response to the environment

Alexandra Bezler, Raffaella Conconi, Pierre Gönczy, Laurent Keller, Frédéric Schütz

PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE2019