Autobus

Résumé

Un autobus est un véhicule de transport routier de voyageurs en milieux urbain/périurbain et suburbain. C'est l'un des principaux types de véhicules employé dans les transports en commun. Étymologie thumb|left|200px|Omnibus parisien. À Nantes, en 1826, Étienne Bureau, petit-fils d'armateur, imagine un véhicule pour transporter les employés entre les bureaux situés dans la rue Jean-Jacques-Rousseau et les entrepôts Salorges où se trouvent les services de la Douane. Plus tard, son idée est reprise par Stanislas Baudry qui veut acheminer ses clients du centre-ville vers son établissement de bains. Son véhicule doit son nom à la boutique de chapelier « Omnes », située place du Port au Vin (devenue place du Commerce), où stationnaient les véhicules. Le slogan sur la façade du marchand de chapeaux était un jeu de mots intégrant le nom du commerçant et un mot latin : « Omnes omnibus » (« Omnes pour tous »). C'est ainsi que les usagers de la ligne prennent l'habitude de dire :

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Routing in large-scale buses ad hoc networks

Michel Sède

A Disruption-Tolerant Network (DTN) attempts to route packets between nodes that are temporarily connected. Difficulty in such networks is that nodes have no information about the network status and contact opportunities. The situation is different in public bus networks because the movement of buses exhibits some regularity so that routing in a deterministic way is possible. Many algorithms use a Contacts Oracle that provides the exact meeting times and durations between all nodes. However, in a real vehicular environment, an oracle is not always accurate, and deterministic routing gives poor results. In this paper, we present BLER, a routing algorithm that achieves effective routing in a buses environment. BLER, compared to other algorithms, performs routing at bus line level instead of bus level; it uses specific bus lines information to achieve good performances. We evaluate BLER on real traces of the bus network of Shanghai, and compare it to other routing algorithms. Performances provide good results for this kind of DTNs.

Ieee Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Po Box 1331, Piscataway, Nj 08855-1331 Usa2008

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Road space distribution among multiple modes of transport in urban networks has attracted the interest of several researchers and policy planners. Traditionally, these problems are solved by ignoring operational and dynamic characteristics of multi-modal congestion due to the computational burden involved. Revealing the relation between road space share and global performance of the network can lead to more efficient transport system design. The introduction of dedicated bus lanes in some parts of the network has been proposed as a measure to allow high occupancy vehicles to travel through regions with high traffic load without long delays. In this way, the bus transit system operates more efficiently and is competitive to the private car option in terms of travel time. This effect can stimulate a significant mode shift from car to bus and help alleviate congestion by reducing the number of low occupancy vehicles. In this work we address the problem of optimal allocation of exclusive bus lanes in a multi-modal urban network of fixed total road infrastructure and passenger demand, with the aim of minimizing the total passenger hours travelled (PHT) for all travel modes, within a framework which is consistent with the dynamics of congestion. A queueing theory based traffic flow model with proper treatment of spillbacks and traffic signal settings, known as the Store-and-Forward (SaF) model, is extended to simulate the dynamics of congestion inside the network by keeping track of the queues inside all links over time. The SaF simulation model can be used to evaluate the performance of different allocation policies.

2019

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Modeling and optimization of dedicated bus lanes space allocation in large networks with dynamic congestion

Nikolaos Geroliminis, Anastasios Kouvelas, Dimitrios Tsitsokas

Dedicated bus lanes provide a low cost and easily implementable strategy to improve transit service by minimizing congestion-related delays. Identifying the best spatial distribution of bus-only lanes in order to maximize traffic performance of an urban network while balancing the trade-off between bus priority and regular traffic disturbance is a challenging task. This paper studies the problem of optimal dedicated bus lane allocation and proposes a modeling framework based on a link-level dynamic traffic modeling paradigm, which is compatible with the dynamic characteristics of congestion propagation that can be correlated with bus lane relative positions. The problem is formulated as a non-linear combinatorial optimization problem with binary variables. An algorithmic scheme based on a problem-specific heuristic and Large Neighborhood Search metaheuristic, potentially combined with a network decomposition technique and a performance-based learning process for increased efficiency, is proposed for deriving good quality solutions for large-scale network instances. Numerical application results for a real city center demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed framework in finding effective bus lane network configurations; when compared to the initial network state they exhibit the potential of bus lanes to improve travel time for car and bus users.

2021

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