Système de réserves fractionnaires

Résumé

Le système de réserves fractionnaires (ou de « couverture partielle ») est un système bancaire où les banques ont le droit de prêter, par des jeux d'écritures, de l'argent qu'elles n'ont pas et sur lequel, outre le remboursement par le débiteur, elles toucheront des intérêts, sachant toutefois qu'elles devront se refinancer en collectant des dépôts pour maintenir son équilibre de bilan. Concept Le système économique fonctionne par la création de monnaie par les banques commerciales dans le but de satisfaire aux besoins de financement de l'économie. Dans le cadre d'un système de réserves à 100%, la banque ne prête qu'autant qu'elle dispose de réserves ; le système de réserves fractionnaires permet aux banques de ne posséder qu'une partie de ce qu'elles prêtent. Le système de réserves fractionnaire repose sur la création de monnaie scripturale dans le cadre de l'accord par la banque de crédits à des particuliers ou des entreprises. Dans un système de réserves fractionnaire

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_r%C3%A9serves_fractionnaires

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Isolated ballistic non-abelian interface channel

Mitali Banerjee

The topological order of a quantum Hall state is mirrored by the gapless edge modes owing to bulk-edge correspondence. The state at the filling of ν = 5/2, predicted to host non-abelian anyons, supports a variety of edge modes (integer, fractional, neutral). To ensure thermal equilibration between the edge modes and thus accurately determine the state’s nature, it is advantageous to isolate the fractional channel (1/2 and neutral modes). In this study, we gapped out the integer modes by interfacing the ν = 5/2 state with integer states ν = 2 and ν = 3 and measured the thermal conductance of the isolated-interface channel. Our measured half-quantized thermal conductance confirms the non-abelian nature of the ν = 5/2 state and its particle-hole Pfaffian topological order. Such an isolated channel may be more amenable to braiding experiments.

2022

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Stochastic frequency reserve provision by chance-constrained control of commercial buildings

Xiuwei Zhang

Robust programs with modulated uncertainty sets are problems in which the uncertainty sets are treated as optimization variables. In many applications, these uncertainty sets can be interpreted as reserve capacities for which rewards are offered. One example is the provision of frequency reserve capacities to the power grid by demand-side resources. This paper studies the case in which the reserves are offered by commercial buildings. We determine the optimal size of the reserve capacity set such that the buildings can follow any reserve demanded within the set, while guaranteeing their comfort constraints. Since the actual reserve demands are uncertain, we interpret the reserve demands as random variables and formulate a chance-constrained program to ensure comfort constraints with high probabilities. By restricting the class of policies to affine decision rules and applying the scenario approach to approximate the chance constraints, we obtain a tractable convex problem. We compare our chance-constrained framework to previous work with robust comfort constraints and demonstrate its efficacy based on a numerical case study.

IEEE2015

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Scarcity Mitigation and Risk-Averse Clearing Model in the Swiss Reserve Market

Farzaneh Abbaspourtorbati

This paper presents a real-world application of stochastic programming in the Swiss hydro-based system. The seasonal hydrological conditions may cause insufficient market volume to an extent that security criteria (i.e., the criteria determining of reserve amount) may not be met. In this situations, the question arises to what extend the current pre-defined security criteria can be relaxed while respecting the current market properties. We provide a framework accounting for the trade-off between the expected procurement cost of reserves and security criteria. Additionally, this paper provides a risk-averse formulation of the current clearing model. The proposed approach is simulated using data of the Swiss reserve market to illustrate technical and economic aspects.

Ieee2016

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