Electrical terminationIn electronics, electrical termination is the practice of ending a transmission line with a device that matches the characteristic impedance of the line. Termination prevents signals from reflecting off the end of the transmission line. Reflections at the ends of unterminated transmission lines cause distortion, which can produce ambiguous digital signal levels and misoperation of digital systems. Reflections in analog signal systems cause such effects as video ghosting, or power loss in radio transmitter transmission lines.
Reflections of signals on conducting linesA signal travelling along an electrical transmission line will be partly, or wholly, reflected back in the opposite direction when the travelling signal encounters a discontinuity in the characteristic impedance of the line, or if the far end of the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance. This can happen, for instance, if two lengths of dissimilar transmission lines are joined. This article is about signal reflections on electrically conducting lines.
Dielectric heatingDielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material. At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric. Molecular rotation occurs in materials containing polar molecules having an electrical dipole moment, with the consequence that they will align themselves in an electromagnetic field.
Primary line constantsThe primary line constants are parameters that describe the characteristics of conductive transmission lines, such as pairs of copper wires, in terms of the physical electrical properties of the line. The primary line constants are only relevant to transmission lines and are to be contrasted with the secondary line constants, which can be derived from them, and are more generally applicable. The secondary line constants can be used, for instance, to compare the characteristics of a waveguide to a copper line, whereas the primary constants have no meaning for a waveguide.
Planar transmission linePlanar transmission lines are transmission lines with conductors, or in some cases dielectric (insulating) strips, that are flat, ribbon-shaped lines. They are used to interconnect components on printed circuits and integrated circuits working at microwave frequencies because the planar type fits in well with the manufacturing methods for these components. Transmission lines are more than simply interconnections.
Abaque de Smithvignette|348x348px|Un exemple d'abaque de Smith. L'abaque de Smith est un nomogramme reliant le rapport des ondes guidées incidentes et réfléchies le long d'un guide de propagation à la variation d'impédance caractéristique le long de ce guide. Cette représentation porte le nom de son inventeur, Phillip Hagar Smith, proposée en 1939, à la suite de ses travaux sur le calcul de la ligne de transmission à la RCA. Un plan complexe est associé aux coefficients de réflexion d'une onde guidée, et l'abaque est généralement réduit à un disque tel que le module du coefficient de réflexion est inférieur ou égal à 1.
Schéma électriquethumb|Légende d'un circuit électrique. (Symboles US) Un schéma électrique est une représentation graphique d'un circuit électrique, basée sur des conventions. Il traduit, sous forme de symboles normalisés, les composants du circuit ainsi que l'alimentation et les signaux reliant ces composants. La position graphique des composants et de leurs interconnexions ne reflète pas toujours le positionnement physique de ceux-ci, contrairement aux positions qui figurent sur un schéma-bloc ou sur un schéma de câblage.
Lois de Kirchhoffthumb|upright=.5|Portrait de Gustav Kirchhoff, qui a établi les lois portant son nom en 1845. Les lois de Kirchhoff expriment la conservation de l'énergie et de la charge dans un circuit électrique. Elles portent le nom du physicien allemand qui les a établies en 1845 : Gustav Kirchhoff. Dans un circuit complexe, il est possible de calculer les différences de potentiel aux bornes de chaque résistance et l'intensité du courant continu dans chaque branche de circuit en appliquant les deux lois de Kirchhoff : la loi des nœuds et la loi des mailles.
Microstrip antennaIn telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). It is a kind of internal antenna. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal foil of various shapes (a patch antenna) on the surface of a PCB, with a metal foil ground plane on the other side of the board. Most microstrip antennas consist of multiple patches in a two-dimensional array.
