Comparison of programming paradigmsThis article attempts to set out the various similarities and differences between the various programming paradigms as a summary in both graphical and tabular format with links to the separate discussions concerning these similarities and differences in extant Wikipedia articles. There are two main approaches to programming: Imperative programming – focuses on how to execute, defines control flow as statements that change a program state. Declarative programming – focuses on what to execute, defines program logic, but not detailed control flow.
String interpolationIn computer programming, string interpolation (or variable interpolation, variable substitution, or variable expansion) is the process of evaluating a string literal containing one or more placeholders, yielding a result in which the placeholders are replaced with their corresponding values. It is a form of simple template processing or, in formal terms, a form of quasi-quotation (or logic substitution interpretation). The placeholder may be a variable name, or in some languages an arbitrary expression, in either case evaluated in the current context.
Comparison of programming languagesProgramming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). Like natural languages, programming languages follow rules for syntax and semantics. There are thousands of programming languages and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers may use dozens of languages in a career. Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as Perl or Standard ML (despite the name).
Bytecode JavaLe bytecode Java est un bytecode destiné à regrouper des instructions exécutables par une machine virtuelle Java. Par extension, il désigne un flux d'octets binaire au format d'une classe Java. Ce flux est habituellement le résultat de la compilation d'un code source, ce code source n'étant pas obligatoirement écrit en langage Java. Ce bytecode peut être exécuté sous de nombreux systèmes d'exploitation par une machine virtuelle Java.
JetBrainsJetBrains s.r.o. (formerly IntelliJ Software s.r.o.) is a Czech software development private limited company which makes tools for software developers and project managers. The company has its headquarters in Prague, and has offices in China, Europe, and the United States. The company offers integrated development environments (IDEs) for a variety of programming languages. The company created the Kotlin programming language, which can run in a Java virtual machine (JVM), in 2011.
Swift (langage d'Apple)Swift est un langage de programmation objet compilé, multi-paradigmes, qui se veut simple, performant et sûr. Il est développé en open source. Le projet de développement de Swift est géré par Apple, qui en est également le principal contributeur ; mais de nombreux membres de la communauté Swift, ainsi que d'autres acteurs, tels que Google et IBM, participent également à son développement. Swift est officiellement supporté sur les systèmes d'exploitation Ubuntu, iOS, macOS, watchOS et tvOS.
Nullable typeNullable types are a feature of some programming languages which allow a value to be set to the special value NULL instead of the usual possible values of the data type. In statically typed languages, a nullable type is an option type, while in dynamically typed languages (where values have types, but variables do not), equivalent behavior is provided by having a single null value. NULL is frequently used to represent a missing value or invalid value, such as from a function that failed to return or a missing field in a database, as in NULL in SQL.
Fonction de rappelEn informatique, une fonction de rappel (callback en anglais) ou fonction de post-traitement est une fonction qui est passée en argument à une autre fonction. Cette dernière peut alors faire usage de cette fonction de rappel comme de n'importe quelle autre fonction, alors qu'elle ne la connaît pas par avance. La technique de la fonction de rappel s'inspire du principe d'Hollywood (ou Inversion de contrôle) où l'appelant laisse ses coordonnées pour pouvoir être rappelé par la suite.
Comparison of programming languages (syntax)This comparison of programming languages compares the features of language syntax (format) for over 50 computer programming languages. Programming language expressions can be broadly classified into four syntax structures: prefix notation Lisp (* (+ 2 3) (expt 4 5)) infix notation Fortran (2 + 3) * (4 ** 5) suffix, postfix, or Reverse Polish notation Forth 2 3 + 4 5 ** * math-like notation TUTOR (2 + 3)(45) $$ note implicit multiply operator When a programming languages has statements, they typically have conventions for: statement separators; statement terminators; and line continuation A statement separator demarcates the boundary between two separate statements.
Covariance and contravariance (computer science)Many programming language type systems support subtyping. For instance, if the type is a subtype of , then an expression of type should be substitutable wherever an expression of type is used. Variance is how subtyping between more complex types relates to subtyping between their components. For example, how should a list of s relate to a list of s? Or how should a function that returns relate to a function that returns ? Depending on the variance of the type constructor, the subtyping relation of the simple types may be either preserved, reversed, or ignored for the respective complex types.
