Plastic shamans, or plastic medicine people, is a pejorative colloquialism applied to individuals who are attempting to pass themselves off as shamans, holy people, or other traditional spiritual leaders, but who have no genuine connection to the traditions or cultures they claim to represent. In some cases, the "plastic shaman" may have some genuine cultural connection, but is seen to be exploiting that knowledge for ego, power, or money.
Plastic shamans are believed by their critics to use the mystique of these cultural traditions, and the legitimate curiosity of sincere seekers, for their personal gain. In some cases, exploitation of students and traditional culture may involve the selling of fake "traditional" spiritual ceremonies, fake artifacts, fictional accounts in books, illegitimate tours of sacred sites, and often the chance to buy spiritual titles. Often Native American symbols and terms are adopted by plastic shamans, and their adherents are insufficiently familiar with Native American religion to distinguish between imitations and actual Native religion.
The term "plastic shaman" originated among Native American and First Nations activists and is most often applied to people fraudulently posing as Native American traditional healers. People who have been referred to as "plastic shamans" include those believed to be fraudulent, self-proclaimed spiritual advisors, seers, psychics, self-identified New Age shamans, or other practitioners of non-traditional modalities of spirituality and healing who are operating on a fraudulent basis. "Plastic shaman" has also been used to refer to non-Natives who pose as Native American authors, especially if the writer is misrepresenting Indigenous spiritual ways (such as in the case of Ku Klux Klan member Asa Earl Carter and the scandal around his book The Education of Little Tree).
"It is a very alarming trend. So alarming that it came to the attention of an international and intertribal group of medicine people and spiritual leaders called the Circle of Elders.
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A pretendian (portmanteau of pretend and Indian) is a person who has falsely claimed Indigenous identity by claiming to be a citizen of a Native American or Indigenous Canadian tribal nation, or to be descended from Native ancestors. The term is a pejorative colloquialism. As a practice, being a pretendian is considered an extreme form of cultural appropriation, especially if that individual then asserts that they can represent, and speak for, communities they do not belong to.
L'usurpation raciale est un phénomène majoritairement présent aux États-Unis qui se produit lorsqu'une personne classée comme membre d'un groupe racial se fait passer et est acceptée en tant que membre d'un autre groupe racial. En Louisiane, le terme anglais « Passing » ou « passe blanc » était utilisé pour désigner une personne de couleur ou d'origine multiraciale assimilée à la majorité blanche, alors que les conventions juridiques et sociales de l'hypodescendance classaient la personne en minorité, sujette à la ségrégation raciale et à la discrimination.
vignette|250px|Objet phénicien reprenant des motifs égyptiens dans un but décoratif. Les hiéroglyphes du cartouche n'ont aucune signification. (, British Museum). L'appropriation culturelle désigne à l'origine l'utilisation d'éléments matériels ou immatériels d'une culture par les membres d'une autre culture, dont l'acquisition d'artefacts d'autres cultures par des musées occidentaux. Par la suite, le concept est utilisé par analogie par la critique littéraire et artistique, le plus souvent avec une connotation d'exploitation et de domination.
The canton of Valais can be considered, in many respects, as a synecdoche of the Swiss territory. Presenting many linguistic, cultural or economical polarities that extend over short distances, exacerbating the tension between the ecumene and the ereme, su ...