A capital market is a financial market in which long-term debt (over a year) or equity-backed securities are bought and sold, in contrast to a money market where short-term debt is bought and sold. Capital markets channel the wealth of savers to those who can put it to long-term productive use, such as companies or governments making long-term investments. Financial regulators like Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Bank of England (BoE) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversee capital markets to protect investors against fraud, among other duties.
Transactions on capital markets are generally managed by entities within the financial sector or the treasury departments of governments and corporations, but some can be accessed directly by the public. As an example, in the United States, any American citizen with an internet connection can create an account with TreasuryDirect and use it to buy bonds in the primary market, though sales to individuals form only a tiny fraction of the total volume of bonds sold. Various private companies provide browser-based platforms that allow individuals to buy shares and sometimes even bonds in the secondary markets. There are many thousands of such systems, most serving only small parts of the overall capital markets. Entities hosting the systems include stock exchanges, investment banks, and government departments. Physically, the systems are hosted all over the world, though they tend to be concentrated in financial centres like London, New York, and Hong Kong.
A capital market can be either a primary market or a secondary market. In a primary market, new stock or bond issues are sold to investors, often via a mechanism known as underwriting. The main entities seeking to raise long-term funds on the primary capital markets are governments (which may be municipal, local or national) and business enterprises (companies). Governments issue only bonds, whereas companies often issue both equity and bonds.
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La crise financière mondiale de 2007-2008 est une crise financière, marquée par une crise de liquidité et parfois par des crises de solvabilité tant au niveau des banques que des États, et une raréfaction du crédit aux entreprises. Amorcée en , elle trouve son origine dans le dégonflement de bulles de prix (dont la bulle immobilière américaine des années 2000) et les pertes importantes des établissements financiers provoquées par la crise des subprimes.
Une banque d'investissement est une banque, ou une division de la banque, qui rassemble l'ensemble des activités de conseil, d'intermédiation et d'exécution ayant trait aux opérations dites de haut de bilan (introduction en Bourse, émission de dette, fusion/acquisition) de grands clients corporate (entreprises, investisseurs, mais aussi États...). Ces activités sont généralement scindées en entités distinctes, habituellement désignées par des anglicismes : les opérations de Corporate Finance (finance d'entreprise), de Global Capital Markets (marchés financiers) et de Structured Finance (opérations de financement).
vignette|La banque Monte dei Paschi di Siena, plus vieille banque du monde. Une banque est une institution financière qui fournit des services bancaires, soit notamment de dépôt, de crédit et paiement. Le terme de banque peut désigner de façon générale le secteur bancaire. Les banques jouent un rôle essentiel dans la stabilité et le fonctionnement du système financier, et sont en général soumises à une importante surveillance prudentielle de la part de l'État.
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