Mobilité sociale

La mobilité sociale concerne les changements de statut social des individus ou des groupes sociaux au cours du temps, ainsi que les différences entre le statut social des parents et celui de leurs enfants. En sociologie, c'est un concept pour l'analyse de la structure sociale. La mobilité sociale est souvent entendue comme synonyme d'ascension sociale ou de la possibilité d'ascension sociale, par opposition à la reproduction sociale, et répondant aux questions d'inégalités, de redistribution des revenus et du patrimoine. Elle comprend néanmoins aussi le déclassement qui s'oppose à proprement parler à l'ascension sociale. En politique, le concept de mobilité sociale est un des fondements du clivage entre droite et gauche et des différentes formes d'individualisme ; il est à la base du rêve américain. Il sous-tend les expressions telles que l'« exclusion sociale », la « fracture sociale », l’« ascenseur social », la « société bloquée », la « trajectoire professionnelle », le « plafond

Individual activity-travel analysis based on smartphone WiFi data

Amélie Buisson

The mobility patterns of the population are the basis of most analyses in the transportation field. We aim to extract these patterns from smartphone traces. The following thesis proposes a Bayesian approach based on smartphone location records, land use information and schedule data to understand the activities that people daily perform. We investigate two alternatives. The prior is either based on schedule data or based on land use information. We test the algorithm on the smartphone WiFi traces provided by Nokia. They have been obtained from people who live around the Leman Lake, essentially in the region of Lausanne. The Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) and OpenStreerMap (OSM) provide the schedule and the land use information. The results show that the prior based on schedule data is not convenient: the importance of the individual behavior decreases, and the activity Home comes up too often. The results are much better when the prior depends on the land use that surrounds a users’ location of interest. In addition, we have successfully extracted recognizable mobility patterns, particularly for the activities Home and Work.

2014

L'évaporation du trafic, opportunités et défis pour la mobilité d'aujourd'hui et demain

Pauline Geneviève Thérèse Hosotte

This research is the result of four years of practical and scientific investigation of the phenomenon of traffic evaporation, which was considered and then demonstrated to be the opposite of traffic induction. It has anchored, in practice and in time, an orphaned and scarcely documented topic in literature which mobility planners are facing. Our research was conducted with one foot firmly grounded in the practice of mobility engineering and the other in the urban sociology of mobility behaviour. Immersed in the first field as a "project engineer" on various projects, I was able to investigate a great number of case studies and enrich the thesis with the questions of experts and commissioners. In order to answer these questions, beyond the quantitative and measurable aspects that account for the engineer's daily bread, the qualitative methods of urban sociology were mobilised to decipher the rationales for action of these individuals that make up traffic flows.This singular approach revealed the number and diversity of factors that are at play in the mechanism of traffic evaporation. These include motility, the mental cost of learning, the anchoring of modal habits and the value rationale of each individual. At the crossroads of the three research foci, which are usually treated separately and which we have combined in our case studies, i.e. the temporality of disruption, the (re)actions of the authorities and the weight of (multi)modal habits, we have been able to observe orders of magnitude beyond traffic evaporation. The results show, first of all, that traffic evaporation is achievable over the long-term of urban planning, because the time of mobility habits and learning of usage is also long, although it seems to accelerate once learning is triggered. Moreover, our results show that traffic volumes which we thought would always increase in the past can be controlled. This legitimate confidence in the reversibility of traffic induction draws attention to levers that are now, in turn, perhaps being underestimated in mobility planning.Secondly, the study of urban construction sites has shown that the keys to understanding the reactions of the traffic flow lie in the varied profiles of the individuals who make it up. Knowing their rationales for action, it is possible to assess which behavioural changes will be temporary and which will be lasting, and thus to steer them if desired.Finally, we have revealed that, in the face of the unforeseen, the activation of motility levers is strong and prompt, with the aim of overcoming personal barriers to change. In these cases, the behaviours adopted seem to last beyond the duration of the disruption.Thus, traffic evaporation appears to be much more than a new variable to be considered in mobility analyses and planning. It calls into question the logic that has driven travel planning in the automobile era.

EPFL2022

L'évaporation du trafic, opportunités et défis pour la mobilité d'aujourd'hui et demain

Pauline Geneviève Thérèse Hosotte

EPFL2022

Exploring and modelling human mobility in Burkina Faso

Individual activity-travel analysis based on smartphone WiFi data

L'évaporation du trafic, opportunités et défis pour la mobilité d'aujourd'hui et demain

Individual activity-travel analysis based on smartphone WiFi data

L'évaporation du trafic, opportunités et défis pour la mobilité d'aujourd'hui et demain

Exploring and modelling human mobility in Burkina Faso