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Tokhta (Toqta, Toktu, Tokhtai, Tochtu or Tokhtogha) (died 1312) was a khan of the Golden Horde, son of Mengu-Timur and great-grandson of Batu Khan. His name "Tokhtokh" means "hold/holding" in the Mongolian language. In 1288, Tokhta was ousted by his cousins. In 1291, he reclaimed the throne with the help of Nogai Khan. Tokhta then gave the Crimea to Nogai as a gift. Nogai subsequently beheaded many of the Mongol nobles who were supporters of Tulabuga, thanks to his new supposed puppet khan. Tokhta wanted to eliminate the Russian princes' semi-independence. To that effect, he had sent his brother Tudan to the Rus lands in 1293. Tudan's army would go on to devastate fourteen towns. Tokhta himself (known here as Tokhta-Temur) went to Tver, and forced Dmitry Alexandrovich, Nogai's ally, to abdicate. The Russians chroniclers depicted these events as "The harsh-time of Batu returns." Some sources have suggested that Tokhta and Nogai had worked together. Soon afterwards, Tokhta and Nogai began a deadly rivalry. The Khan's father-in-law Saljiday of the Khunggirads, his wife Bekhlemish, the granddaughter of Tolui, and other Chingisids in the Horde also complained about Nogai's contrariness to him. Nogai had refused to come to the court of the Khan. They also disagreed on trade rights of the Venetians and Genoese merchants as well. Khan Tokhta's forces lost the first battle with Nogai in 1296–1297. Nogai did not bother to chase after him, and he decided instead to return to his lands. Tokhta asked the Ilkhan Ghazan for his assistance. The latter refused because he did not want to be mixed up with their quarrels. In 1300, Tokhta finally defeated Nogai at the battle of the Kagamlyk River, south-southwest of the city of Poltava, and united the lands from the Volga to the Don under his authority. Nogai's son Chaka had fled first to the land of the Alans, and then to Bulgaria, where he reigned as their Czar. This had enraged Tokhta so much so that soon after Chaka's brother-in-law Theodore Svetoslav participated in a plot to overthrow him.

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Concepts associés (13)

Alliances franco-mongoles

Des tentatives ont été conduites afin de former une alliance franco-mongole entre le milieu du et le début du , plus particulièrement à partir de la septième croisade. Une telle alliance peut apparaître comme un choix logique au vu des forces en présence à cette époque. Les Mongols faisaient preuve de sympathie envers le christianisme, certains d'entre eux étaient même nestoriens. De leur côté les Croisés pouvaient souhaiter une aide venue de l'est pour renforcer leur conquête de la Terre sainte ; certains, au début, crurent même qu'elle pourrait leur venir du mythique Royaume du prêtre Jean.

Bayan khan

Bayan (or Buyan; Naiyan) (Баян хан) (r. 1302–1309) was one of the most famous khans of White Horde. "Bayan" means "rich" and "buyan" means "good deed/act" (as in religion or belief) in the Mongolian language. When Bayan became the khan, his cousin and relatives revolted against him. The latter, under his cousin Kobluk, were supported by Khaidu and Duwa. Bayan fought his rebel cousin, Koblek, and Kaidu's forces several times. He asked help from Tokhta, ruler of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.

Manghit

vignette|Portrait d'Alim Khan (1880-1944), émir de Boukhara, prise en 1911. Le Mangudaï, Mangudai, Manghit ou Mangit, étaient une tribu mongole de la Fédération des Urud-Mangudaï. Ils constituaient la Horde Nogaï au et la dynastie qui a gouverné l'émirat de Boukhara en 1785. Le nom du clan a été également utilisé pour indiquer l'avant-garde mongole (Mangudaï ou mungadai). Leurs descendants vivent dans différentes régions de l'ancien Empire mongol. Le Mangudaï est une unité mongole dans le jeu vidéo Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings.