Wear OS

Résumé

Wear OS (anciennement Android Wear) est une version du système d'exploitation mobile Android de Google spécialement conçue pour faire fonctionner les technologies portables. Son lancement est annoncé le par Sundar Pichai, en collaboration avec les constructeurs Asus, Broadcom, Fossil, HTC, Intel, LG, MediaTek, Imagination Technologies, Motorola, Qualcomm et Samsung. En parallèle, trois premiers modèles de montres intelligentes fonctionnant sur le nouveau système d'exploitation sont annoncés : la Moto 360, la Samsung Gear live et la LG G watch. Wear OS by Google intègre la technologie de l'assistant personnel Google Assistant, adaptée à des écrans de très petite taille. Les premières montres intégrant Android wear étaient rectangulaires ou carrées. Des montres (LG Watch R et Moto 360) sorties fin 2014 sont rondes afin de se rapprocher d'une montre classique. Après l'annonce de l'Apple Watch, Google met à jour Android Wear pour permettre notamment de recevoir les notifications de son

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_OS

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The chemical-mechanical polishing process (CMP) is an essential part of the production of integrated circuits. Metal to be polished in the CMP reacts with the oxidants from the aqueous suspension (slurry) and the passive film is formed on the metal surface. Suspended abrasive nano particles from the slurry cause detachment of the formed friable passive films. The CMP represents the tribocorrosion process where material deterioration results from the interaction of wear and corrosion which takes place in tribological contact exposed to an aggressive environment. Due to increasing number of the materials to be polished in the modern integrated circuits it is necessary to gather fundamental understanding of the removal mechanism of each material. The aim of this work is to elucidate the removal mechanisms of tungsten (W), as a typical microelectronic metal (chosen as a model system), under different oxidising conditions (represented by electrochemically imposed potential). Also, we want to evaluate the effect of the slurry composition (chelating agents lactic and phosphoric acid) on material removal. To achieve this electrochemical techniques (chrono amperometry, cyclic voltametry, passivation kinetics measurements under mass transport control), and tribocorrosion techniques (tests on tribometer with electrochemical cell with reciprocating sliding motion of alumina ball) were used. Surface analysis techniques (SEM, XPS, AES) were used to assess worn and unworn surfaces' morphology and chemistry. In addition, electrochemical tests and polishing tests on the CMP machine were performed with technical CMP slurries. The sliding action of the alumina ball on tungsten in the 0.01 M H2SO4 solution was found to cause three distinct wear responses depending on imposed electrode potential. Below the first threshold potential the wear is low due to negligible oxide film formation. In the following wear region, up to the second threshold potential, materials deterioration in the rubbed area proceeds by cyclic mechanical removal of the WO3 passive film followed by repassivation of tungsten. The amount of anodic oxidation corresponds to the overall removed metal volume. Beyond the second threshold potential a compact tribolayer of WO3 (more than 400 nm thick), probably formed by agglomeration of oxide particles detached from the metal surface, forms and covers the wear track. Similar tribocorrosion behavior of tungsten was also observed in the presence of 0.1 M H3PO4. The presence of chelating agents, lactic acid and phosphoric acid, in the 0.01 M H2SO4 solution does not change the volume of material wastage at potentials below the second threshold potential. Beyond this electrode potential, lactic acid promotes WO3 dissolution and thus impedes the third body formation and enhances wear. Electrochemical factors have a strong influence on the tungsten CMP removal rate. It was found that CMP removal rate increases with the open circuit potential (electrode potential) and with passivation charge density. A good correlation of tribocorrosion results and CMP practice was observed. Tribocorrosion models can be successfully applied to the tribocorrosion of tungsten and as well can be fairly used for modelling the material removal in CMP.

EPFL2009

Chargement

Polyethylene wear of dual mobility cups: a comparative analysis based on patient-specific finite element modeling

Matthieu Boubat, Ehsan Sarshari, Alexandre Terrier

Purpose Concerns remain about potential increased wear with dual mobility cups related to the multiple articulations involved in this specific design of implant. This finite element analysis study aimed to compare polyethylene (PE) wear between dual mobility cup and conventional acetabular component, and between the use of conventional ultra-high molecular weight PE (UHMWPE) and highly cross-linked PE (XPLE). Methods Patient-specific finite element modeling was developed for 15 patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Five acetabular components were 3D modeled and compared in THA constructs replicating existing implants: a dual mobility cup with a 22.2-mm-diameter femoral head against UHMWPE or XLPE (DM22PE or DM22XL), a conventional cup with a 22.2-mm-diameter femoral head against UHMWPE (SD22PE) and a conventional cup with a 32-mm-diameter femoral head against UHMWPE or XLPE (SD32PE or SD32XL). Results DM22PE produced 4.6 times and 5.1 times more volumetric wear than SD32XL and DM22XL (p < 0.0001, Cohen's d = 6.97 and 7.11; respectively). However, even if significant, the differences in volumetric wear between DM22XL and SD32XL as well as between DM22PE and SD22PE or SD32PE were small according to their effect size (p < 0.0001, Cohen's vertical bar d vertical bar= 0.48 to 0.65) and could be therefore considered as clinically negligible. Conclusion When using XLPE instead of UHMWPE, dual mobility cup with a 22.2-mm-diameter femoral head produced a similar amount of volumetric wear than conventional acetabular component with a 32-mm-diameter femoral head against XLPE. Therefore, XLPE is advocated in dual mobility cup to improve its wear performance.

SPRINGER2022

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Calibration algorithms for audio-visual wearable devices

Wissem Allouchi

2015

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EPFL2009