Immiseration thesisIn Marxist theory and Marxian economics, the immiseration thesis, also referred to as emiseration thesis, is derived from Karl Marx's analysis of economic development in capitalism, implying that the nature of capitalist production stabilizes real wages, reducing wage growth relative to total value creation in the economy, leading to the increasing power of capital in society. The immiseration thesis is related to Marx's analysis of the rising organic composition of capital and reduced demand for labor relative to capital equipment as technology develops.
Exploitation of labourExploitation is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent. When applying this to labour (or labor) it denotes an unjust social relationship based on an asymmetry of power or unequal exchange of value between workers and their employers. When speaking about exploitation, there is a direct affiliation with consumption in social theory and traditionally this would label exploitation as unfairly taking advantage of another person because of their vulnerable position, giving the exploiter the power.
Socially necessary labour timeSocially necessary labour time in Marx's critique of political economy is what regulates the exchange value of commodities in trade and consequently constrains producers in their attempt to economise on labour. It does not 'guide' them, as it can only be determined after the event and is thus inaccessible to forward planning. Unlike individual labour hours in the classical labour theory of value formulated by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, Marx's exchange value is conceived as a proportion (or 'aliquot part') of society's labour-time.
Le Capitalvignette|150px|Karl Marx Le Capital. Critique de l'économie politique (du titre original allemand Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie) est l'ouvrage majeur du philosophe et théoricien de l'économie politique allemand Karl Marx. Marx a consacré plus de 20 ans de sa vie à l'écriture de cette œuvre, mais n’en a achevé qu’une partie : le premier livre, publié le est dédicacé à Wilhelm Wolff, consacré au développement de la production capitaliste. Des brouillons de Marx ont été utilisés par Friedrich Engels pour publier les livres 2 et 3, en 1885 et 1894.
Crisis theoryCrisis theory, concerning the causes and consequences of the tendency for the rate of profit to fall in a capitalist system, is associated with Marxian critique of political economy, and was further popularised through Marxist economics. Earlier analysis by Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi provided the first suggestions of the systemic roots of Crisis. "The distinctive feature of Sismondi's analysis is that it is geared to an explicit dynamic model in the modern sense of this phrase ...
Rate of exploitationIn Marxian economics, the rate of exploitation is the ratio of the total amount of unpaid labor done (surplus-value) to the total amount of wages paid (the value of labour power). The rate of exploitation is often also called the rate of surplus-value. Marx did not regard the rate of surplus value and the rate of exploitation as necessarily identical, insofar as there was a divergence between surplus value realised and surplus value produced.
Accumulation du capitalL’accumulation du capital est un phénomène économique d'ordre microéconomique et macroéconomique. Il s'agit soit de l'épargne accumulée par des individus, soit de l'accumulation de capital, comme facteur de production, qui permet d’augmenter la production totale de l’économie. Le concept est issu de l'économie politique classique chez Adam Smith et David Ricardo. Accumulation primitive du capital Dans la Richesse des nations, Adam Smith réfléchit à la formation du capital et à ses origines.
Complexity economicsComplexity economics is the application of complexity science to the problems of economics. It relaxes several common assumptions in economics, including general equilibrium theory. While it does not reject the existence of an equilibrium, it sees such equilibria as "a special case of nonequilibrium", and as an emergent property resulting from complex interactions between economic agents. The complexity science approach has also been applied to computational economics.
Distribution (economics)In economics, distribution is the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour, land, and capital). In general theory and in for example the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts, each unit of output corresponds to a unit of income. One use of national accounts is for classifying factor incomes and measuring their respective shares, as in national Income. But, where focus is on income of persons or households, adjustments to the national accounts or other data sources are frequently used.
École classiqueL’école classique est une école de pensée économique. Libérale, elle théorise le libre-échange et ses avantages, ainsi que le fonctionnement du marché. Elle regroupe des économistes du et du . Elle a donné naissance à l'école marginaliste, au néoclassicisme et à la nouvelle économie classique. L'école classique est complexe à définir tant elle a rassemblé des auteurs divers, dont certaines vues se contredisaient.
