Êtes-vous un étudiant de l'EPFL à la recherche d'un projet de semestre?

Travaillez avec nous sur des projets en science des données et en visualisation, et déployez votre projet sous forme d'application sur GraphSearch.

Découvrez-en plus sur les applications Graph.

Graph
Search

fr|en

Se Connecter

Concept

Human genome

Résumé

The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. The latter is a diverse category that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, such as that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and several types of regulatory RNAs. It also includes promoters and their associated gene-regulatory elements, DNA playing structural and replicatory roles, such as scaffolding regions, telomeres, centromeres, and origins of replication, plus large numbers of transposable elements, inserted viral DNA, non-functional pseudogenes and simple, highly repetitive sequences. Introns make up a large percentage of non-coding DNA. Some of this non-coding DNA is non-functional junk DNA, such as pseudogenes, but there is no firm consensus on the total amount of junk DNA. Haploid human genomes, which are contained in germ cells (the egg and sperm gamete cells created in the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction before fertilization) consist of 3,054,815,472 DNA base pairs (if X chromosome is used), while female diploid genomes (found in somatic cells) have twice the DNA content. While there are significant differences among the genomes of human individuals (on the order of 0.1% due to single-nucleotide variants and 0.6% when considering indels), these are considerably smaller than the differences between humans and their closest living relatives, the bonobos and chimpanzees (~1.1% fixed single-nucleotide variants and 4% when including indels). Size in basepairs can vary too; the telomere length decreases after every round of DNA replication. Although the sequence of the human genome has been completely determined by DNA sequencing in 2022 (including methylation), it is not yet fully understood.

Source officielle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome

À propos de ce résultat

Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.

Publications associées (77)

Integrative transcriptome analyses of Transposable Elements (TEs) and genes contribute to a better understanding of colorectal cancer

Eunji Shin

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer develops through multiple hallmark functions including apoptosis evasion, unlimited replicative potential, metastasis, and immune avoidanc

EPFL2022

KRAB zinc-finger proteins and their transposable element targets: between antagonism and cooperation

Jonas Caspar De Tribolet-Hardy

There are 377 Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain-containing zinc finger proteins (KZFPs) in the human genome, making them the largest family of transcription factors. KZFPs are defined by a N-termin

EPFL2022

KRAB zinc finger protein-mediated control of transposon-embedded regulatory sequences from human germline to early embryos

Alexandra Iouranova

Transposable elements (TEs), also called jumping genes, are genetic elements capable of changing their position within the genome of their host. They make up large fractions of genomes, including 45%

EPFL2021

Afficher plus

Personnes associées (39)

Didier Trono, Jacques Fellay, Priscilla Turelli, Julien Maillard, Christof Holliger, Giovanna Ambrosini, Marc Samuel Friedli, Denis Duboule, Julien Léonard Duc, Evaristo Jose Planet Letschert

Afficher plus

Unités associées (3)

Laboratoire de virologie et genetique

Groupe Fellay

CPH - Gestion

Concepts associés (199)

Gène

Un gène, du grec ancien (« génération, naissance, origine »), est, en biologie, une séquence discrète et héritable de nucléotides dont l'expression affecte les caractères d'un organisme. L'ensemble des gènes et du matériel non codant d'un organisme constitue son génome. Un gène possède donc une position donnée dans le génome d'une espèce, on parle de locus génique. La séquence est généralement formée par des désoxyribonucléotides, et est donc une séquence d'ADN (par des ribonucléotides formant de l'ARN dans le cas de certains virus), au sein d'un chromosome.

Human genome

Centromère

thumb|Chromosome.(1) Chromatide. Chacune formée d'un brin d'ADN parental et d'un brin d'ADN néoformé obtenu après réplication durant la phase S ; (2) Centromère. Le point de contact des deux chromatides, et le point de séparation lors de la mitose ; (3) Bras court ; (4) Bras long. Le centromère est la région de contact des deux chromatides d'un chromosome. Il existe deux types de centromères. Les centromères des chromosomes monocentriques sont des centromères « régionaux », occupant une région précise au sein d'un chromosome.

Cours associés (43)

BIO-205: Cellular and molecular biology I

The course covers the regulation of gene expression, which translates the information contained in the genome into function, by adjusting the levels and activities of mRNAs and proteins to the needs o

BIOENG-320: Synthetic biology

This advanced Bachelor/Master level course will cover fundamentals and approaches at the interface of biology, chemistry, engineering and computer science for diverse fields of synthetic biology. This

BIO-411: Topics in life sciences engineering

Students will acquire fundamental knowledge and skills regarding how genomes can be engineered, how their function can be deciphered, as well as how their dynamic outputs can be analyzed and modeled.

Afficher plus

Séances de cours associées (246)

L’auto-attraction de l’ADN : interactions médiées

Discute de l'auto-attraction de l'ADN et de ses interactions médiées.

Décomposition de la valeur singulaire

Explore la Décomposition de la Valeur Singulière et son rôle dans l'apprentissage non supervisé et la réduction de dimensionnalité, en mettant l'accent sur ses propriétés et applications.

Alternative d'épissage: de l'ARN à la protéine

Explore l'épissage alternatif dans l'expression des gènes pour créer diverses protéines.

Afficher plus

MOOCs associés (8)

Neuroscience Reconstructed: Genetics and Brain Development

This course will provide the fundamental knowledge in neuroscience required to understand how the brain is organised and how function at multiple scales is integrated to give rise to cognition and beh

Selected chapters form winterschool on multi-scale brain

Understanding the brain requires an integrated understanding of different scales of organisation of the brain. This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) will take the you through the latest data, models

Selected chapters form winterschool on multi-scale brain

Understanding the brain requires an integrated understanding of different scales of organisation of the brain. This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) will take the you through the latest data, models

Afficher plus