Endospore

Résumé

L’endospore ou spore est une structure qui se forme au sein du cytoplasme de certaines espèces de bactéries lorsque les conditions environnementales sont défavorables (stress nutritif, dessiccation, chaleur…). L’endospore permet à la bactérie de survivre à ces conditions défavorables dans un état de vie ralentie (état de dormance). L’endospore représente donc une forme de résistance mais aussi une forme de dissémination. Les bactéries des genres Clostridium, Bacillus, Sporosarcina sont des exemples de bactéries pouvant sporuler. Dans certaines classifications taxonomiques les bactéries pouvant sporuler sont regroupées dans un seul sous-embranchement : les endobactéries (ou Endobacteria). Les endospores sont très résistantes : elles résistent à la dessiccation, à la chaleur (thermorésistance), aux radiations, aux antibiotiques, aux antiseptiques… De plus leur longévité peut être importante (elles pourraient atteindre plusieurs milliers d’années pour certaines espèces de Bacillus).

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore

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Combined scanning transmission X-ray and electron microscopy for the characterization of bacterial endospores

Imrich Barak, Rizlan Bernier-Latmani, Jan Jamroskovic, Paul Pao-Yun Shao, Elena Suvorova Buffat

Endospores (also referred to as bacterial spores) are bacterial structures formed by several bacterial species of the phylum Firmicutes. Spores form as a response to environmental stress. These structures exhibit remarkable resistance to harsh environmental conditions such as exposure to heat, desiccation, and chemical oxidants. The spores include several layers of protein and peptidoglycan that surround a core harboring DNA as well as high concentrations of calcium and dipicolinic acid (DPA). A combination of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy was used for the direct quantitative characterization of bacterial spores. The concentration and localization of DPA, Ca2+, and other elements were determined and compared for the core and cortex of spores from two distinct genera: Bacillus subtilis and Desulfotomaculum reducens. This micro-spectroscopic approach is uniquely suited for the direct study of individual bacterial spores, while classical molecular and biochemical methods access only bulk characteristics.

Wiley-Blackwell2014

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When nutrients are abundant, S. pombe cells grow as rods, dividing by fission after formation of a medially placed cell wall or division septum. Septum formation is triggered by a group of proteins, called the septation initiation network or SIN, that trigger contraction of the acto-myosin contractile ring at the end of mitosis. Ectopic activation of the SIN can uncouple septum formation from other cell-cycle events, whereas loss of SIN signalling gives rise to multinucleated cells due to the failure of cytokinesis. When starved, S. pombe cells of opposite mating types fuse to form a diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis and produces four spores. No septa or contractile rings are formed during meiosis. In this study, we have investigated the role of the SIN in meiosis. Our data show that, whereas the meiotic divisions appear normal, SIN mutants cannot form spores. Forespore membrane formation is initiated, but the nuclei are not encapsulated properly. The SIN proteins localise to the spindle pole body in meiosis. The protein kinases Sid1p and Cdc7p do not associate with the spindle pole body until meiosis II, when forespore membrane deposition begins. These data indicate a role for the SIN in regulating spore formation during meiosis.

2006

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Variability in DPA and calcium content in the spores of Clostridium species

Imrich Barak, Barbora Bártová, Rizlan Bernier-Latmani, Zuzana Chromiková, Jan Jamroskovic, Cornelia List

Spores of a number of clostridia' species, and their resistance to thermal treatment is a major concern for the food industry. Spore resistance to wet heat is related to the level of spore hydration, which is inversely correlated with the content of calcium and dipicolinic acid (DPA) in the spore core. It is widely believed that the accumulation of DPA and calcium in the spore core is a fundamental component of the sporulation process for all endospore forming species. We have noticed heterogeneity in the heat resistance capacity and overall DPA/calcium content among the spores of several species belonging to Clostridium sensu stricto group: two C. acetobutylicum strains (DSM 792 and 1731), two C. beijerinckil strains (DSM 791 and NCIMB 8052), and a C. collagenoyorans strain (DSM 3089). A C. beljerinckii strain (DSM 791) and a C. acetobutylicum strain (DSM 792) display low Ca and DPA levels. In addition, these two species, with the lowest average Ca/DPA content amongst the strains considered, also exhibit minimal heat resistance. There appears to be no correlation between the Ca/DPA content and the phylogenetic distribution of the C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii species based either on the 16S rRNA or the spoVA gene. This finding suggests that a subset of Clostridium sensu stricto species produce spores with low resistance to wet heat. Additionally, analysis of individual spores using STEM-EDS and STXM revealed that DPA and calcium levels can also vary amongst individual spores in a single spore population.

Frontiers Research Foundation2016

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