English language in EnglandThe English language spoken and written in England encompasses a diverse range of accents and dialects. The language forms part of the broader British English, along with other varieties in the United Kingdom. Terms used to refer to the English language spoken and written in England include: English English and Anglo-English.
English-language vowel changes before historic /r/In English, many vowel shifts affect only vowels followed by /r/ in rhotic dialects, or vowels that were historically followed by /r/ that has been elided in non-rhotic dialects. Most of them involve the merging of vowel distinctions and so fewer vowel phonemes occur before /r/ than in other positions of a word. Rhoticity in English In rhotic dialects, /r/ is pronounced in most cases. In General American English (GA), /r/ is pronounced as an approximant ɹ or ɻ in most positions, but after some vowels, it is pronounced as r-coloring.
Philadelphia EnglishPhiladelphia English is a variety or dialect of American English native to Philadelphia and extending into Philadelphia's metropolitan area throughout the Delaware Valley, including southeastern Pennsylvania, counties of northern Delaware (especially New Castle and Kent), the northern Eastern Shore of Maryland, and all of South Jersey, with the dialect being spoken in cities such as Wilmington, Atlantic City, Camden, Vineland, and Dover.
Allongement compensatoireEn linguistique historique et en phonétique, l'allongement compensatoire est un changement phonétique au cours duquel une voyelle est allongée à la suite d'une perte de la consonne qui la suit, en général dans la même syllabe. En anglais, par exemple, lorsque le /x/ originel de night (réalisé [ç] dans l'environnement palatal du /i/) a disparu, le /i/ s'est allongé en /iː/ pour compenser cette disparition. Plus tard, le /iː/ s'est diphtongué à cause du grand changement vocalique, devenant ainsi /aɪ/ en anglais moderne.
Manchester dialectMancunian (or Manc) is the accent and dialect spoken in the majority of Manchester, North West England, and some of its environs. It is also given to the name of the people who live in the city of Manchester. It has been described as 'twangy' whilst also being labelled 'euphonic' and has been voted as the sexiest accent in England. Additionally it has been claimed Mancunian is one of the most desirable and friendliest accents in the UK.
Lexical setA lexical set is a group of words that share a particular phonological feature. A phoneme is a basic unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another. Most commonly, following the work of phonetician John C. Wells, a lexical set is a class of words in a language that share a certain vowel phoneme. As Wells himself says, lexical sets "enable one to refer concisely to large groups of words which tend to share the same vowel, and to the vowel which they share".
DiaphonemeA diaphoneme is an abstract phonological unit that identifies a correspondence between related sounds of two or more varieties of a language or language cluster. For example, some English varieties contrast the vowel of late (/eː/) with that of wait or eight (/ɛɪ/). Other English varieties contrast the vowel of late or wait (/eː/) with that of eight (/ɛɪ/). This non-overlapping pair of phonemes from two different varieties can be reconciled by positing three different diaphonemes: A first diaphoneme for words like late (⫽e⫽), a second diaphoneme for words like wait (⫽ei⫽), and a third diaphoneme for words like eight (⫽ex⫽).
Pronunciation of English ⟨ng⟩In English, the digraph often represents the velar nasal, as in long lɒŋ and nothing ˈnʌθɪŋ. In other cases, it represents a sequence of the velar nasal followed by the voiced velar stop, as in longer ˈlɒŋɡər, which had been the original pronunciation of the digraph up until Early Modern English when the g sound was lost in most words, giving ŋ a phonemic status in English. Another pronunciation is ndʒ, as in angel ˈeɪndʒəl and one pronunciation of longevity lɒnˈdʒɛvɪti (alternatively pronounced with ŋdʒ, lɒŋˈdʒɛvɪti, by analogy with long).
Césure (typographie)En typographie et en orthographe, la coupure de mot, parfois appelée aussi césure, est l'opération qui consiste à couper par un trait d'union conditionnel en fin de ligne un mot qui n’entrerait pas dans la justification. Cette coupure obéit à des règles bien précises qui varient d'une langue à l'autre. La plupart des logiciels de traitement de texte et de mise en page comportent un tel programme de césure. La marque de cette césure est le trait d'union, que l’on place en fin de ligne mais jamais au début.
H muetLe h muet est une forme d'emploi dans la langue française de la lettre h, opposée au h aspiré. À l'oral, un h muet n'a aucune incidence sur la prononciation, et par conséquent, lorsqu'un mot commence par un h muet, on effectue la liaison et l'élision avec le mot précédent. Ainsi, l'heure se prononce comme l'Eure. Dans les autres langues romanes occidentales, le h est toujours muet, mais dans les langues romanes orientales il est prononcé. Prononciation du français H aspiré Les esprits dans le grec ancien C
