Moyenne tronquéeUne moyenne tronquée, ou moyenne réduite, est une mesure statistique de centralité, similaire à la moyenne arithmétique et à la médiane, qui consiste à calculer une moyenne arithmétique en éliminant les valeurs extrêmes. Les , ont été inventées pour pallier la sensibilité des statistiques aux valeurs aberrantes, ce qu'on appelle la robustesse statistique.
AverageIn ordinary language, an average is a single number taken as representative of a list of numbers, usually the sum of the numbers divided by how many numbers are in the list (the arithmetic mean). For example, the average of the numbers 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 (summing to 25) is 5. Depending on the context, an average might be another statistic such as the median, or mode. For example, the average personal income is often given as the median—the number below which are 50% of personal incomes and above which are 50% of personal incomes—because the mean would be higher by including personal incomes from a few billionaires.
MidhingeIn statistics, the midhinge is the average of the first and third quartiles and is thus a measure of location. Equivalently, it is the 25% trimmed mid-range or 25% midsummary; it is an L-estimator. The midhinge is related to the interquartile range (IQR), the difference of the third and first quartiles (i.e. ), which is a measure of statistical dispersion. The two are complementary in sense that if one knows the midhinge and the IQR, one can find the first and third quartiles.
Trimmed estimatorIn statistics, a trimmed estimator is an estimator derived from another estimator by excluding some of the extreme values, a process called truncation. This is generally done to obtain a more robust statistic, and the extreme values are considered outliers. Trimmed estimators also often have higher efficiency for mixture distributions and heavy-tailed distributions than the corresponding untrimmed estimator, at the cost of lower efficiency for other distributions, such as the normal distribution.
TrimeanIn statistics the trimean (TM), or Tukey's trimean, is a measure of a probability distribution's location defined as a weighted average of the distribution's median and its two quartiles: This is equivalent to the average of the median and the midhinge: The foundations of the trimean were part of Arthur Bowley's teachings, and later popularized by statistician John Tukey in his 1977 book which has given its name to a set of techniques called exploratory data analysis.
Robustesse (statistiques)En statistiques, la robustesse d'un estimateur est sa capacité à ne pas être perturbé par une modification dans une petite partie des données ou dans les paramètres du modèle choisi pour l'estimation. Ricardo A. Maronna, R. Douglas Martin et Victor J. Yohai; Robust Statistics - Theory and Methods, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics (2006). Dagnelie P.; Statistique théorique et appliquée. Tome 2 : Inférence statistique à une et à deux dimensions, Paris et Bruxelles (2006), De Boeck et Larcier.
L-estimatorIn statistics, an L-estimator is an estimator which is a linear combination of order statistics of the measurements (which is also called an L-statistic). This can be as little as a single point, as in the median (of an odd number of values), or as many as all points, as in the mean. The main benefits of L-estimators are that they are often extremely simple, and often robust statistics: assuming sorted data, they are very easy to calculate and interpret, and are often resistant to outliers.
Moyenne pondéréeLa moyenne pondérée est la moyenne d'un certain nombre de valeurs affectées de coefficients. En statistiques, considérant un ensemble de données et les coefficients, ou poids, correspondants, de somme non nulle, la moyenne pondérée est calculée suivant la formule : quotient de la somme pondérée des par la somme des poids soit Il s'agit donc du barycentre du système . Lorsque tous les poids sont égaux, la moyenne pondérée est identique à la moyenne arithmétique.
