In financial accounting, reserve always has a credit balance and can refer to a part of shareholders' equity, a liability for estimated claims, or contra-asset for uncollectible accounts.
A reserve can appear in any part of shareholders' equity except for contributed or basic share capital. In nonprofit accounting, an "operating reserve" is the unrestricted cash on hand available to sustain an organization, and nonprofit boards usually specify a target of maintaining several months of operating cash or a percentage of their annual income, called an Operating Reserve Ratio.
There are different types of reserves used in financial accounting like capital reserves, revenue reserves, statutory reserves, realized reserves, unrealized reserves.
Equity reserves are created from several possible sources:
Reserves created from shareholders' contributions, the most common examples of which are:
legal reserve fund - it is required in many legislations and it must be paid as a percentage of share capital
share premium - amount paid by shareholders for shares in excess of their nominal value.Within the framework of capital increase by share premium a larger proportion of capital increase is placed into a capital reserve while the subscribed capital is increased by a minimum amount. This is because the initial losses are covered by the capital reserve. If capital increase was carried out fully or to a significant degree through the increase of subscribed capital, equity could easily fall to below the subscribed capital due to the losses.
Reserves created from profit, especially retained earnings, i.e. accumulated accounting profits, or in the case of nonprofits, operating surpluses. However, profits may be distributed also to other types of reserves, for example:
legal reserve fund from profit - many legislations require creation of the fund as a percentage of profits
remuneration reserve - will be used later to pay bonuses to employees or management.
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The objective of the course is to provide participants with accounting mechanisms for understanding and anaalyzing the financial statements of a company.
A statement of changes in equity and similarly the statement of changes in owner's equity for a sole trader, statement of changes in partners' equity for a partnership, statement of changes in shareholders' equity for a company or statement of changes in taxpayers' equity for government financial statements is one of the four basic financial statements. The statement explains the changes in a company's share capital, accumulated reserves and retained earnings over the reporting period.
Les réserves sont des montants situés au passif du bilan d'une entreprise correspondant au cumul des bénéfices des exercices antérieurs (résultats nets de la période, soit bénéfices nets moins pertes nettes) qui n'ont été : ni redistribués aux propriétaires de l'entreprise (dividendes, rachats d'actions) ; ni intégrés dans son capital. Les réserves contribuent à créer une marge de sécurité financière pour l'entreprise et surtout participent à son autofinancement pour faire de nouveaux investissements permettant de développer ses activités.
vignette La comptabilité générale (comptabilité financière) est un système d'organisations dans lequel un individu appelé comptable se propose d'observer, d'enregistrer, de classer, de synthétiser afin d'analyser et renseigner. L'étude de ces étapes du travail du comptable nous permettra de mieux appréhender en quoi consiste la comptabilité financière en tant que cadre normatif de l'économie et du management.
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EPFL2012
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