Toxicité de l'oxygène

La toxicité de loxygène est l'ensemble des dommages qui peuvent être causés à un organisme par la respiration d'oxygène (O2) à des pressions élevées. Elle est également connue sous le nom de syndrome de toxicité de loxygène, dintoxication à loxygène et dempoisonnement à l'oxygène. Historiquement, l'état du système nerveux central a été appelé leffet Paul Bert, et l'état pulmonaire leffet Lorrain Smith, d'après les chercheurs qui ont été les pionniers de sa découverte et de sa description à la fin du . Les cas graves peuvent entraîner des dommages cellulaires et la mort, avec des effets le plus souvent observés dans le système nerveux central, les poumons et les yeux. La toxicité de l'oxygène est préoccupante pour les plongeurs sous-marins dès lors que la pression partielle d'oxygène dépasse 1,6 bar, ceux qui ont de fortes concentrations d'oxygène supplémentaire (en particulier les bébés prématurés) et ceux qui subissent une oxygénothérapie hyperbare. La respiration d'oxygène sous

Influence of Microplastics on Microbial Structure, Function, and Mechanical Properties of Stream Periphyton

Renata Behra, Kristin Schirmer, Ahmed Tlili

Periphyton is a freshwater biofilm composed of prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities that occupy rocks and sediments, forming the base of the food web and playing a key role in nutrient cycling. Given the large surface that periphyton comprises, it may also act as a sink for a diverse range of man-made pollutants, including microplastics (MP). Here we investigated the effect of 1-4 mu m and 63-75 mu m sized, spherical polyethylene MP with native and ultraviolet (UV)-weathered surface on developing natural stream periphyton communities over 28 days. In order to ensure proper particle exposure, we first tested MP suspension in water or in water containing either Tween 80, extracellular polymeric substances - EPS, fulvic acids, or protein. We found the extract of EPS from natural periphyton to be most suitable to create MP suspensions in preparation of exposure. Upon exposure, all tested types of MP were found to be associated with the periphyton, independent of their size and other properties. While biomass accrual and phenotypic community structure of the photoautotrophs remained unchanged, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities experienced a significant change in composition and relative abundances. Moreover, alpha diversity was affected in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes. The observed changes were more prominent in periphyton exposed to UV-treated as compared with native surface MP. Mechanical properties, as assessed by compression rheology, showed that MP-exposed periphyton had longer filamentous streamers, higher stiffness, lower force recovery and a higher viscoelasticity than control periphyton. Despite the observed structural and mechanical changes of periphyton, functional parameters (i.e., photosynthetic yield, respiration and nutrient uptake efficiencies) were not altered by MP, indicating the absence of MP toxicity, and suggesting functional redundancy in the communities. Together, our results provide further proof that periphyton is a sink for MP and demonstrate that MP can impact local microbial community composition and mechanical properties of the biofilms. Consequences of these findings might be a change in dislodgement behavior of periphyton, a propagation through the food chains and impacts on nutrient cycling and energy transfer. Hence, taking the omnipresence, high persistence and material and size diversity of MP in the aquatic environment into account, their ecological consequences need further investigation.

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2022

A strategy for xenobiotic removal using photocatalytic treatment, microbial degradation or integrated photocatalytic-biological process

Miléna Lapertot

According to the limited natural resources and due to the risks of anthropogenic pollution, it appears necessary to react efficiently in order to remove existing contaminations and avoid the creation of new ones. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to propose a sustainable strategy for treating problematic pollutants with the most adequate process. First, an overview of the different treatment processes has been given. In particular, biological, photocatalytic and integrated biological-photocatalytic treatments have been described as efficient methods to remove xenobiotics. Biological treatment of contaminated environments and industrial effluents has been presented as the most attractive method on a cost-benefit extent. But for biorecalcitrant substances, the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) have remained the most efficient methods although expensive. Therefore, the coupling of biological-photocatalytic has emerged as the best compromise for removal of recalcitrant xenobiotics. The first step of the treatment strategy has consisted of evaluating the biotraitability of 19 chemicals: pesticides, pharmaceuticals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been assessed according to three biodegradability methods (Zahn-Wellens, Manometric Respirometry, Closed-Bottle tests), whose official protocols had to be adapted to the compound specificities (volatility, hydrophobicity). Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) estimation models have also been used to compare and validate the experimental results. For the compounds which have been assessed as biotraitable (VOCs), further biodegradation studies have been led in order to improve the treatment (batch with pulses of substrate): automated monitoring of the biodegradation process, increased degradation yields and biomass productivity have been successfully completed for Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes, Chlorobenzenze and Dichlorobenzene removal. Conversely, the compounds assessed as biorecalcitrant have been oriented towards the TiO2 and photo-Fenton photocatalytic treatments. Thus, the degradation of four p-halophenols by TiO2 photocatalysis has been investigated and has demonstrated the halogen effect on removal rates, aromatic intermediates and toxicity variations. Finally, the treatment of five bioreacalcitrant pesticides (Alachlor, Atrazine, Chlorfenvinphos, Diuron, Pentachlorophenol) has been studied in order to develop a coupled photocatalytic-biological system: first, enhanced biotreatability has been evaluated using the Zahn-Wellens procedure and then fixed-bed bioreactors have been operated and permitted to find out the best moment for coupling.

EPFL2006

Influence of Microplastics on Microbial Structure, Function, and Mechanical Properties of Stream Periphyton

Renata Behra, Kristin Schirmer, Ahmed Tlili

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2022

A strategy for xenobiotic removal using photocatalytic treatment, microbial degradation or integrated photocatalytic-biological process

Miléna Lapertot

EPFL2006

Influence of Microplastics on Microbial Structure, Function, and Mechanical Properties of Stream Periphyton

A strategy for xenobiotic removal using photocatalytic treatment, microbial degradation or integrated photocatalytic-biological process

The role of fibril formation and growth in a-synuclein mediated extracellular toxicity

The role of fibril formation and growth in a-synuclein mediated extracellular toxicity

Influence of Microplastics on Microbial Structure, Function, and Mechanical Properties of Stream Periphyton

A strategy for xenobiotic removal using photocatalytic treatment, microbial degradation or integrated photocatalytic-biological process