Velocity factorThe velocity factor (VF), also called wave propagation speed or velocity of propagation (VoP or of a transmission medium is the ratio of the speed at which a wavefront (of an electromagnetic signal, a radio signal, a light pulse in an optical fibre or a change of the electrical voltage on a copper wire) passes through the medium, to the speed of light in vacuum. For optical signals, the velocity factor is the reciprocal of the refractive index.
Copper conductorCopper has been used in electrical wiring since the invention of the electromagnet and the telegraph in the 1820s. The invention of the telephone in 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an electrical conductor. Copper is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Copper and its alloys are also used to make electrical contacts.
Electrical terminationIn electronics, electrical termination is the practice of ending a transmission line with a device that matches the characteristic impedance of the line. Termination prevents signals from reflecting off the end of the transmission line. Reflections at the ends of unterminated transmission lines cause distortion, which can produce ambiguous digital signal levels and misoperation of digital systems. Reflections in analog signal systems cause such effects as video ghosting, or power loss in radio transmitter transmission lines.
StriplineIn electronics, stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium invented by Robert M. Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge Research Centre in the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of planar transmission line. A stripline circuit uses a flat strip of metal which is sandwiched between two parallel ground planes. The insulating material of the substrate forms a dielectric. The width of the strip, the thickness of the substrate and the relative permittivity of the substrate determine the characteristic impedance of the strip which is a transmission line.
Blindage électromagnétiquethumb|Cages de blindage électromagnétique dans un téléphone portable démonté. Une des cages est retirée pour montrer le circuit intégré protégé par le blindage. Le blindage électromagnétique, blindage électrique ou blindage EMI est un dispositif visant à réduire le champ électromagnétique au voisinage d'un objet en interposant une barrière entre la source du champ et l'objet à protéger. La barrière doit être faite d'un matériau conducteur électrique.
Amplificateur faible bruitUn amplificateur faible bruit (LNA de l'anglais Low Noise Amplifier) ou un amplificateur à faible facteur de bruit est un dispositif électronique chargé de mettre en forme des signaux très faibles en provenance d'une antenne. Il est souvent placé à proximité du capteur, de manière à minimiser les pertes en ligne ; pour cette raison, il est parfois nommé préamplificateur. Ce type de solution est fréquemment utilisé pour les systèmes travaillant à des fréquences élevées, tels que le signal GPS et en radiocommunications.
Ghosting (television)In television, a ghost is a replica of the transmitted image, offset in position, that is superimposed on top of the main image. It is often caused when a TV signal travels by two different paths to a receiving antenna, with a slight difference in timing. Common causes of ghosts (in the more specific sense) are: Mismatched impedance along the communication channel, which causes unwanted reflections. The technical term for this phenomenon is ringing.
