Résumé
Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene. Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce. In most organisms, genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene. A gene is transcribed (copied) from DNA into RNA, which can either be non-coding (ncRNA) with a direct function, or an intermediate messenger (mRNA) that is then translated into protein. Each of these steps is controlled by specific sequence elements, or regions, within the gene. Every gene, therefore, requires multiple sequence elements to be functional. This includes the sequence that actually encodes the functional protein or ncRNA, as well as multiple regulatory sequence regions. These regions may be as short as a few base pairs, up to many thousands of base pairs long. Much of gene structure is broadly similar between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. These common elements largely result from the shared ancestry of cellular life in organisms over 2 billion years ago. Key differences in gene structure between eukaryotes and prokaryotes reflect their divergent transcription and translation machinery. Understanding gene structure is the foundation of understanding gene annotation, expression, and function. The structures of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes involve several nested sequence elements. Each element has a specific function in the multi-step process of gene expression. The sequences and lengths of these elements vary, but the same general functions are present in most genes. Although DNA is a double-stranded molecule, typically only one of the strands encodes information that the RNA polymerase reads to produce protein-coding mRNA or non-coding RNA. This 'sense' or 'coding' strand, runs in the 5' to 3' direction where the numbers refer to the carbon atoms of the backbone's ribose sugar. The open reading frame (ORF) of a gene is therefore usually represented as an arrow indicating the direction in which the sense strand is read.
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Concepts associés (4)
Biomolecular structure
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function. The structure of these molecules may be considered at any of several length scales ranging from the level of individual atoms to the relationships among entire protein subunits. This useful distinction among scales is often expressed as a decomposition of molecular structure into four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Séquence codante
vignette|Schéma simplifié du dogme central de la biologie moléculaire. Certaines séquences d'ADN subissent une transcription afin de générer un ARN messager primaire. Cet ARNm subit différentes transformations, notamment l'épissage, par lequel les introns sont enlevés, pour générer un transcrit mature. Finalement, les ribosomes traduisent la séquence codante en protéine. La séquence codante est indiquée en vert.
Séquence régulatrice
Les séquences régulatrices, appelées aussi séquence-cis, sont une partie de l’ADN non codant (séquences du génome qui ne sont pas traduites en protéines) et qui influent sur le niveau de transcription des gènes. Elles sont reconnues par des facteurs de transcription, appelés facteur-trans, qui agissent de différentes façons, en augmentant ou en diminuant l’expression du gène. Les séquences régulatrices interviennent ainsi au niveau de l’initiation de la transcription dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes.
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