Rayonnement cosmique

Résumé

Le rayonnement cosmique est le flux de noyaux atomiques et de particules de haute énergie (c'est-à-dire relativistes) qui circulent dans le milieu interstellaire. Le rayonnement cosmique est principalement constitué de particules chargées : protons (88 %), noyaux d'hélium (9 %), antiprotons, électrons, positrons et particules neutres (rayons gamma, neutrinos et neutrons). La source de ce rayonnement se situe selon les cas dans le Soleil, à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur de notre galaxie. Certaines des astroparticules qui composent le rayonnement cosmique ont une énergie qui dépasse et qui n'est expliquée par aucun processus physique identifié. La découverte du rayonnement cosmique a lieu au début du avec les observations de Victor Franz Hess effectuées en 1912 depuis un ballon. Il est identifié initialement à travers son rôle dans l'ionisation de l'atmosphère terrestre. L'observation directe depuis le sol des composants les plus énergétiques du rayonnement cosmique n'est pas possib

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnement_cosmique

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, , ,

In this paper we report the first observation in the Southern hemisphere of an energy dependence in the Galactic cosmic-ray anisotropy up to a few hundred TeV. This measurement was performed using cosmic-ray-induced muons recorded by the partially deployed IceCube observatory between 2009 May and 2010 May. The data include a total of 33 x 10(9) muon events with a median angular resolution of similar to 3 degrees. A sky map of the relative intensity in arrival direction over the Southern celestial sky is presented for cosmic-ray median energies of 20 and 400 TeV. The same large-scale anisotropy observed at median energies around 20 TeV is not present at 400 TeV. Instead, the high-energy sky map shows a different anisotropy structure including a deficit with a post-trial significance of -6.3 sigma. This anisotropy reveals a new feature of the Galactic cosmic-ray distribution, which must be incorporated into theories of the origin and propagation of cosmic rays.

2012

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, , ,

Between 2009 May and 2010 May, the IceCube neutrino detector at the South Pole recorded 32 billion muons generated in air showers produced by cosmic rays with a median energy of 20 TeV. With a data set of this size, it is possible to probe the southern sky for per-mil anisotropy on all angular scales in the arrival direction distribution of cosmic rays. Applying a power spectrum analysis to the relative intensity map of the cosmic ray flux in the southern hemisphere, we show that the arrival direction distribution is not isotropic, but shows significant structure on several angular scales. In addition to previously reported large-scale structure in the form of a strong dipole and quadrupole, the data show small-scale structure on scales between 15 degrees and 30 degrees. The skymap exhibits several localized regions of significant excess and deficit in cosmic ray intensity. The relative intensity of the smaller-scale structures is about a factor of five weaker than that of the dipole and quadrupole structure. The most significant structure, an excess localized at (right ascension alpha = 122 degrees.4 and declination d = -47 degrees.4), extends over at least 20 degrees in right ascension and has a post-trials significance of 5.3 sigma. The origin of this anisotropy is still unknown.

2011

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Observation of the cosmic-ray shadow of the Moon with IceCube

Xiaoxia Bai, Shirit Cohen, Mathieu Ribordy, Matthias Wolf

We report on the observation of a significant deficit of cosmic rays from the direction of the Moon with the IceCube detector. The study of this "Moon shadow" is used to characterize the angular resolution and absolute pointing capabilities of the detector. The detection is based on data taken in two periods before the completion of the detector: between April 2008 and May 2009, when IceCube operated in a partial configuration with 40 detector strings deployed in the South Pole ice, and between May 2009 and May 2010 when the detector operated with 59 strings. Using two independent analysis methods, the Moon shadow has been observed to high significance (> 6 sigma) in both detector configurations. The observed location of the shadow center is within 0.2 degrees of its expected position when geomagnetic deflection effects are taken into account. This measurement validates the directional reconstruction capabilities of IceCube.

Amer Physical Soc2014

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