Suède

Résumé

La Suède (Sverige ) est un pays d'Europe du Nord et de Scandinavie. Sa capitale est Stockholm, ses citoyens sont les Suédois et Suédoises et sa langue officielle et majoritaire est le suédois. Le finnois et le sami sont aussi parlés, principalement dans le nord du pays. Les variations régionales sont fréquentes. La Suède a une frontière avec la Norvège à l'ouest-nord-ouest et une autre avec la Finlande au nord-nord-est. Au sud, la Suède est séparée du Danemark par l'Øresund, un détroit du Cattégat dont la section la plus étroite mesure de large. La partie septentrionale de la Suède est occupée par la Laponie, appelée Sápmi par ses habitants, les Samis, qui furent les premiers habitants du nord de la Scandinavie. Occupant un territoire d'une superficie de , la Suède est le cinquième plus grand pays d'Europe après l'Espagne, l'Ukraine, la France et la Russie. La Suède possède une faible densité de population, sauf dans les zones urbaines (1,5 % du territoire), où vit 87 % de la pop

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8de

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Chargement

Erweiterung des Funktionalismus 1930-1950

Christoph Wieser

Functionalism serves as the guiding concept of this piece of work, on the example of which shall be traced the changes that took place in modern architecture between 1930 and 1950. This choice seems appropriate since Functionalism is a particularly relevant yardstick of the state of modern architecture owing to its radical nature. In its generally accepted form, Functionalism embodies the most rigorous stage of a development that in the early 1920s assumed a variety of forms, that became increasingly strongly focussed, and which finally expanded in the early 1930s. On the other hand, a penetration of the core of the concept of Functionalism is an uphill task and demands an investigation into allied concepts such Objectivity, and in particular the New Objectivity, Neues Bauen and Rationalism, as well as a digression into Italian Razionalismo. This exploration is followed by an attempt to define Functionalism, whereby the intention is not to equate it with the status of "dogmatic Functionalism" with which its condition at the end of the 1920s shall be labelled, but to attempt to understand it in a more comprehensive sense. This extended view of Functionalism forms the basis of an analysis of the expansion stage, which can be divided into three parts for which the following concepts stand: "enlightened Functionalism" for the years from 1930 to 1935, "self-evident Functionalism" for the following period up until the end of the war, and "subliminal Functionalism" for the first post-war years until 1950 – concepts that refer to the types of development in which Functionalism continued to forfeit its radicality and mutate into an undogmatic, widely accepted form of modern architecture. Towards 1950, however, functionalistic methods were more and more frequently overlaid by a traditional language of form that increasingly blurred the contours of functionalist aesthetics. This represented the final stage of development, for an invisible functionalism is no longer an "ism" – and thus no longer Functionalism. Buildings from Switzerland and Sweden provide the main source of illustrative material, despite the fact that Functionalism developed in Germany. This is connected with the architectural quality of Swiss and Swedish building at the time, as well as with the changes in the political situation. For although World War II brought about a crucial break in Switzerland and Sweden, it did not call a complete halt to the previous developments as it did in most other European countries.

EPFL2005

Chargement

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Northern peatlands are large repositories of carbon. Peatland vascular plant community composition has been functionally associated to a set of biogeochemical processes such as carbon cycling. Yet, we do not fully understand to what extent vascular plant functional types (PFTs) affect the quality of dissolved organic matter, and if there is any feedback on soil microbial activity. Using a longer-term plant removal experiment in a boreo-nemoral peatland in Southern Sweden, we relate the dominance of different vascular plant functional types (i.e. ericoids and graminoids) to the chemistry of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial enzymatic activities (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, FDA). Our results show that PFTs modifies the composition of DOM moieties, with a decrease of low molecular weight organic compounds after vascular plant removal. The decrease of enzymatic activity by up to 68 % in the plant removal plots suggests a reduction in DOM mineralization in the absence of vascular plants. Our results show that plant-derived low molecular organic compounds enhance peatland microbial activity, and suggest that an increase of vascular plant cover in response to climate change can potentially destabilize the OM in peatlands, leading to increased carbon losses.

Springer2016

Chargement

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The SensorScope project is a collaboration between environmental scientists and hardware/software engineers at EPFL. It will consist of two large-scale outdoor sensor networking deployments, the first on the EPFL campus, and the second on an alpine glacier. The aim of these deployments is to measure key environmental quantities at high spatial resolution, for the purpose of modeling and understanding energy exchanges and balances at the earth/atmosphere boundary. The goal of this demo is to show SWeaS (the SensorScope Weather Station), a complete weather sensing unit that we have developed in the scope of this project. SWeaS is the core component of SensorScope and will be installed at over one hundred locations in each of the two deployments. In comparison to previous weather boards designed for mote-class nodes, the design of SWeaS considers the entire chain of requirements for a scientific atmospheric measurement campaign, including packaging, energy autonomy, sensor placement and a diverse set of sensors.

2006

Chargement

Erweiterung des Funktionalismus 1930-1950

Christoph Wieser

EPFL2005