Côte (géographie)

La côte est la terre adjacente ou proche du domaine maritime (mer ou océan). En français, il n'y a pas de consensus sur la différence entre côte et littoral. Aussi, en géographie et notamment pour traduire la notion anglosaxone de coastline, on utilise souvent le terme de côte et parfois le terme de rivage. L'adjectif « côtier » qualifie ce qui est sur, proche ou relatif à une côte. « Côte » est un terme très spécifique et s'applique uniquement à la partie d'une île ou d'un continent qui longe un océan ou des eaux de mer. On pourra distinguer les côtes qui font directement face à l'océan de côtes plus "abritées", près d'un golfe ou d'une baie. D'autre part, une rive (en anglais shore) peut se référer à une partie de la terre qui joint celle-ci à une vaste étendue d'eau, y compris des océans (on parlera de plages, en anglais sea shore) et les lacs (lake shore). De même, le terme « berge », quelque peu apparenté, indique un lieu où la terre rejoint en pente douce ou escarpée une rivi

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Effects of groundwater on desalinization in coastal reservoir and adjacent aquifer

David Andrew Barry, Jing Xu

Coastal reservoir provides the additional storage capacity of freshwater in coastal zone which greatly alleviate the water shortage in stressed areas, and the salinization of reservoir water degrade the utility of coastal reservoir. Salinization may result from inadequate desalinization in early operation stage, and groundwater as the important source of freshwater to coastal reservoir and adjacent aquifer was obviously have significant impacts on salinization which was in a dearth research. Laboratory experiments and mathematical model were designed to further discuss the influence of groundwater on the desalinization. The results from experiments shown that with the groundwater discharge rate increased, residual saltwater distribution result from intruded fresh groundwater was further moderated. Coastal reservoirs also greatly changed groundwater discharge pathways to sea. Without coastal reservoir, groundwater discharge to sea directly, while with coastal reservoir, part of groundwater would firstly discharge to coastal reservoir, desalinate the reservoir water, and then to sea. Mathematical model was designed for the prediction of the salinity of reservoir water, and the results from model could indicate the accuracy groundwater discharge pathways in coastal reservoir and adjacent aquifer. These results demonstrate the complexity of the groundwater system in adjacent aquifer of coastal reservoir, and may have great implications for future investigations on the predication of water quality during the full operational period.

2019

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Inputs of disinfection by-products to the marine environment from various industrial activities: Comparison to natural production

Jin Jiang, Urs von Gunten

Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment. This article provides an overview on sources and quantities of DBP inputs, which could serve as basis for hazard analysis for the marine environment, human health and the atmosphere. During oxidation of marine water, mainly brominated DBPs are generated with bromoform (CHBr3) being the major DBP. CHBr3 has been used as an indicator to compare inputs from different sources. Total global annual volumes of treated seawater inputs resulting from cooling processes of coastal power stations, from desalination plants and from ballast water treatment in ships are estimated to be 470-800 x 109 m(3), 46 x 10(9) m(3) and 3.5 x 10(9) m(3), respectively. Overall, the total estimated anthropogenic bromoform production and discharge adds up to 13.5-21.8 x 10(6) kg/a (kg per year) with contributions of 11.8-20.1 x 10(6) kg/a from cooling water treatment, 0.89 x 10(6) kg/a from desalination and 0.86 x 10(6) kg/a from ballast water treatment. This equals approximately 2-6% of the natural bromoform emissions from marine water, which is estimated to be 385-870 x 10(6) kg/a.

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD2022

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Greenland precipitation trends in a long-term instrumental climate context (1890-2012): evaluation of coastal and ice core records

Konrad Steffen

Here, we present an analysis of monthly, seasonal, and annual long-term precipitation time-series compiled from coastal meteorological stations in Greenland and Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) ice cores (including three new ice core records from ACT11D, Tunu2013, and Summit2010). The dataset covers the period from 1890 to 2012, a period of climate warming. For approximately the first decade of the new millennium (2001-2012) minimum and maximum mean annual precipitation conditions are found in Northeast Greenland (Tunu2013 c. 120mm water equivalent (w.e.) year(-1)) and South Greenland (Ikerasassuaq: c. 2300mm w.e. year(-1)), respectively. The coastal meteorological stations showed on average increasing trends for 1890-2012 (3.5mm w.e. year(-2)) and 1961-2012 (1.3mm w.e. year(-2)). Years with high coastal annual precipitation also had a: (1) significant high number of precipitation days (r(2) = 0.59); and (2) high precipitation intensity measured as 24-h precipitation (r(2) = 0.54). For the GrIS the precipitation estimated from ice cores increased on average by 0.1mm w.e. year(-2) (1890-2000), showing an antiphase variability in precipitation trends between the GrIS and the coastal regions. Around 1960 a major shift occurred in the precipitation pattern towards wetter precipitation conditions for coastal Greenland, while drier conditions became more prevalent on the GrIS. Differences in precipitation trends indicate a heterogeneous spatial distribution of precipitation in Greenland. An Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis reveals a spatiotemporal cycle of precipitation that is linked instantaneously to the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and with an approximate to 6 years lag time response to the Greenland Blocking Index.

Wiley-Blackwell2015

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Élévation du niveau de la mer

L' est un phénomène observable au niveau mondial depuis le début du , qui résulte du réchauffement climatique. Le niveau moyen des océans augmente de entre 1901 et 2018, la moitié de cette hausse

Schorre

Un schorre ou pré-salé est une étendue naturelle plane à végétation basse située à proximité du bord de mer, inondée par les eaux salées uniquement lors des hautes marées. Il correspond à la part

Océan

vignette|Animation montrant les découpages possibles en 5, 4, 3 ou 1 seul océan(s). vignette|Le grand océan planétaire, mis en valeur par la projection de Fuller. Un océan est souvent défini, en géogr

ENV-340: Fundamentals of satellite positioning

Bases des références géodésiques, principe de mesure utilisé en localisation par satellites et de l'estimation de la qualité de positions GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites Systems).

MATH-535: Topics in algebraic geometry

This course is aimed to give students an introduction to the theory of algebraic curves and surfaces. In particular, it aims to develop the students' geometric intuition and combined with the basic algebraic geometry courses to build a strong foundation for further study.

ENV-220: Fundamentals in ecology

The students will learn the fundamentals in ecology with the goal to perceive the environment beyond its physical and chemical characteristics. Starting from basic concepts, they will acquire mechanistic understanding of biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and global change.