Étoile binaire

En astronomie, une étoile binaire ou binaire, appelée aussi système (stellaire) binaire ou étoile double physique, est un type de système binaire composée de deux étoiles orbitant autour d'un centre de gravité commun. Le terme « étoile binaire » a apparemment été inventé par William Herschel en 1802 pour indiquer . Au , des étoiles binaires sont classées en différents types selon leurs propriétés observables : binaire visuelle, binaire astrométrique, binaire spectroscopique et binaire à éclipses. Les étoiles peuvent appartenir à plusieurs de ces catégories, par exemple plusieurs binaires spectroscopiques sont également des binaires à éclipses. Une autre classification en trois catégories est basée sur la distance des étoiles : les binaires détachées, les binaires semi-détachées et les binaires à contact. Dans ce cas, il arrive souvent que les étoiles binaires soient des étoiles variables. Pendant longtemps les astronomes ont considéré qu'environ la moitié des étoiles appartenaient

Do the majority of stars form as gravitationally unbound?

Richard Irving Anderson

Context. Some of the youngest stars (age less than or similar to 10 Myr) are clustered, while many others are observed scattered throughout star forming regions or in complete isolation. It has been intensively debated whether such scattered or isolated stars originate in star clusters or whether they form in truly isolated conditions. Exploring these scenarios could help set constraints on the conditions in which massive stars are formed. Aims. We adopted the assumption that all stars form in gravitationally bound star clusters embedded in molecular cloud cores (Gamma-1 model), which expel their natal gas early after their formation. Then we compared the proportion (fraction) of stars found in clusters with observational data. Methods. The star clusters are modelled by the code NBODY6, which includes binary stars, stellar and circumbinary evolution, gas expulsion, and the external gravitational field of their host galaxy. Results. We find that small changes in the assumptions in the current theoretical model estimating the fraction, Gamma, of stars forming in embedded clusters have a large influence on the results, and we present a counterexample as an illustration. This calls into question theoretical arguments about Gamma in embedded clusters and it suggests that there is no firm theoretical ground for low Gamma in galaxies with lower star formation rates (SFRs). Instead, the assumption that all stars form in embedded clusters is in agreement with observational data for the youngest stars (age less than or similar to 10 Myr). In the Gamma-1 scenario, the observed fraction of the youngest stars in clusters increases with the SFR only weakly; the increase is caused by the presence of more massive clusters in galaxies with higher SFRs, which release fewer stars to the field in proportion to their mass. The Gamma-1 model yields a higher fraction of stars in clusters for older stars (ages between 10 Myr and 300 Myr) than what is observed. This discrepancy can be caused by initially less compact clusters or a slightly lower star-formation efficiency than originally assumed in the Gamma-1 model, or by interactions of the post-gas-expulsion revirialised open clusters with molecular clouds.

2022

Pierre North

Barium (Ba) dwarfs and CH subgiants are the less evolved analogues of Ba and CH giants. They are F- to G-type main-sequence stars polluted with heavy elements by their binary companions when the companion was on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB). This companion is now a white dwarf that in most cases cannot be directly detected. We present a large systematic study of 60 objects classified as Ba dwarfs or CH subgiants. Combining radial-velocity measurements from HERMES and SALT high-resolution spectra with radial-velocity data from CORAVEL and CORALIE, we determine the orbital parameters of 27 systems. We also derive their masses by comparing their location in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram with evolutionary models. We confirm that Ba dwarfs and CH subgiants are not at different evolutionary stages, and that they have similar metallicities, despite their different names. Additionally, Ba giants appear significantly more massive than their main-sequence analogues. This is likely due to observational biases against the detection of hotter main-sequence post-mass-transfer objects. Combining our spectroscopic orbits with the HIPPARCOS astrometric data, we derive the orbital inclination and the mass of the WD companion for four systems. Since this cannot be done for all systems in our sample yet (but should be possible with upcoming Gaia data releases), we also analyse the mass-function distribution of our binaries. We can model this distribution with very narrow mass distributions for the two components and random orbital orientations on the sky. Finally, based on BINSTAR evolutionary models, we suggest that the orbital evolution of low-mass Ba systems can be affected by a second phase of interactions along the red giant branch of the Ba star, which impact the eccentricities and periods of the giants.

EDP SCIENCES S A2019

Do the majority of stars form as gravitationally unbound?

Richard Irving Anderson

2022

Do the majority of stars form as gravitationally unbound?

Barium and related stars, and their white-dwarf companions

Do the majority of stars form as gravitationally unbound?

Barium and related stars, and their white-dwarf companions