Metascience (also known as meta-research) is the use of scientific methodology to study science itself. Metascience seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing inefficiency. It is also known as "research on research" and "the science of science", as it uses research methods to study how research is done and find where improvements can be made. Metascience concerns itself with all fields of research and has been described as "a bird's eye view of science". In the words of John Ioannidis, "Science is the best thing that has happened to human beings ... but we can do it better."
In 1966, an early meta-research paper examined the statistical methods of 295 papers published in ten high-profile medical journals. It found that "in almost 73% of the reports read ... conclusions were drawn when the justification for these conclusions was invalid." Meta-research in the following decades found many methodological flaws, inefficiencies, and poor practices in research across numerous scientific fields. Many scientific studies could not be reproduced, particularly in medicine and the soft sciences. The term "replication crisis" was coined in the early 2010s as part of a growing awareness of the problem.
Measures have been implemented to address the issues revealed by metascience. These measures include the pre-registration of scientific studies and clinical trials as well as the founding of organizations such as CONSORT and the EQUATOR Network that issue guidelines for methodology and reporting. There are continuing efforts to reduce the misuse of statistics, to eliminate perverse incentives from academia, to improve the peer review process, to systematically collect data about the scholarly publication system, to combat bias in scientific literature, and to increase the overall quality and efficiency of the scientific process.
In 1966, an early meta-research paper examined the statistical methods of 295 papers published in ten high-profile medical journals. It found that, "in almost 73% of the reports read .
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The students will understand the cognitive and social factors which affect learning - particularly in science and engineering. They will be able to use social research techniques as part of the design
vignette|Le crâne de l'homme de Piltdown, produit d'une fraude scientifique à la longévité exceptionnelle. Un acte de fraude scientifique est une action destinée à tromper dans le champ de la recherche scientifique et, de ce fait, doit être distingué de l'erreur scientifique. Elle constitue une violation de la déontologie de la recherche et de l'éthique professionnelle en vigueur à l'intérieur de la communauté scientifique. On distingue trois formes principales de fraude scientifique : la falsification des données, la fabrication des données et le plagiat.
En science, un résultat nul est un résultat sans le contenu attendu : c'est-à-dire que le résultat proposé est absent. Il s'agit d'un résultat expérimental qui ne montre pas un effet prévu. Cela ne signifie pas une absence de résultat, mais simplement un résultat qui ne supporte pas l'hypothèse. Le terme est une traduction de la communauté scientifique latine resultarum nullus, ce qui signifie « aucune conséquence ». En test d'hypothèse statistique, un résultat nul survient quand un résultat expérimental n'est pas significativement différent de ce qui est espéré en dessous de l'hypothèse nulle.
Science policy is concerned with the allocation of resources for the conduct of science towards the goal of best serving the public interest. Topics include the funding of science, the careers of scientists, and the translation of scientific discoveries into technological innovation to promote commercial product development, competitiveness, economic growth and economic development. Science policy focuses on knowledge production and role of knowledge networks, collaborations, and the complex distributions of expertise, equipment, and know-how.
Discute de l'impact et de l'efficacité du tutorat par les pairs, explore les raisons de son succès et présente une étude sur les résultats d'apprentissage des élèves.