Géophysique

Résumé

thumb|Carte du séisme de 2010 à Haïti. La géophysique est une discipline importante des sciences de la Terre. Elle concerne l’étude des caractéristiques physiques de la Terre, ou d'autres planètes, utilisant des techniques de mesures indirectes (gravimétrie, géomagnétisme, sismologie, radar géologique, résistivité apparente, etc.) La géophysique, à l'aide de valeurs de référence, se propose en se basant sur les caractéristiques géologiques, atmosphériques ou spatiales du domaine étudié, de valider un modèle mathématique issu de mesures faites sur le terrain ou de calculs. De ce fait, elle se trouve à la confluence de la géologie, de la physique, des mathématiques et de l'informatique. Il semble que le terme de fut utilisé pour la première fois en Allemagne, où il apparait dans les écrits scientifiques de Friedrich Fröbel en 1834. Ce furent cependant les frères Schlumberger qui, dans les années 1920, connurent les premiers succès commerciaux. On subdivise les différents domaines de

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ophysique

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Les ingénieurs civils exercent leurs activités en constante interaction avec le sous-sol. Le cours de géologie donne aux étudiants les bases en Géosciences nécessaires à une ingénierie bien intégrée dans le contexte de notre planète.

This course aims at providing a solid methodological foundation for understanding the principles and the applicability of geophysical techniques relevant for addressing hydrogeological and related environmental problems. The goal is to provide students with pertinent decision making capabilities.

le cours présente les principales méthodes géophysiques utilisées par les ingénieurs pour l'exploration et la surveillance des sites.

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Calculation of geological uncertainties associated with 3-D geological models

Ian Pomian-Srzednicki

3-D geological models are built with data collected in the field such as boreholes, geophysical measurements, pilot shafts or geological mapping. Unfortunately, these data are always limited in number. It implies that geological information is sparse and subsurface models are thus always built of both subjective interpretation and mathematical interpolation/extrapolation techniques. These models are therefore uncertain and this uncertainty is rarely pointed out in a geological prognosis. Our study proposes to bring a new methodology for the evaluation of geological uncertainties related to 3-D subsurface models and to test its potential use. The methodology we propose is based on the 3-D subsurface model, which is here considered as the most probable prediction (notion of best guess). The various geological interfaces that compose the subsurface model are handled individually as Gaussian random fields. At each location of an interface, the random function Z(u) describing the position of this interface is composed of a deterministic part m(u) which represents the expected position, and a random part σ(u)ε(u) which describes fluctuations around the predicted position. Then, a model of spatial variability (a variogram function γ(h)) is proposed in order to condition the random field according to available observations. Several structural constraints, such as the shape of folds and the thickness of layers can also be accounted for in this model. At this point, we are able to estimate the local variance all over the study area by the application of the kriging technique. Finally, the variability is converted into three-dimensional information by calculating probabilities, this describes the occurrence of the various rock masses that are present in the study area. The probabilities are calculated according to intersection rules that govern the stratigraphic sequence of the subsurface model, and they allow us to build a probabilistic model of subsurface structures in the form of a three-dimensional probability field. All of this has been incorporated in a computer program.

EPFL2002

Chargement

The active Pont Bourquin landslide (Les Diablerets, VD): a combined geophysical, hydrogeological and ground-based remote sensing survey

Cornelia Sara Brönnimann, Michel Jaboyedoff, Clément Michoud, Laurent Tacher

2010

Chargement

Geophysical gravity flows such as avalanches and debris flows belong to a special class of hazardous environmental event, in which a mixture of solids and fluids (e.g. debris and mud, snow and air) flow as a liquid and may run out much further than expected over a slope less steep than the critical angle of repose. Exchange of material between the overriding flow and a loose bed layer underneath is known to affect the characteristics of such a flow however it is not well understood how this plays a part, nor the mechanism of such an exchange, due to the difficulties of seeing inside a flowing mass in the field and experiments. Research has been carried out on an entraining viscous gravity current in an laboratory flume using Particle Image Velocimetry. The aim was to investigate the flow properties in a vertical slice of fluid in the downstream direction, far from the side-walls, when a flowing layer overrides a basal layer of the same material. The parameter varied here is the volume of fluid released from the reservoir, which affects the height and velocity of the encroaching fluid current. An interface was identified between the overriding fluid and the initially stationary bed fluid. PIV was used to show the evolution of the velocity and shear fields throughout the system compared to the location of this interface and how this changes with the volume of fluid released. The overriding fluid displaces the bed fluid, either by plunging or spilling into the erodible layer depending on the initial volume, thus inciting the stationary material downstream and below to move. Initially, a large amount of bed material is suddenly mobilized by the front of overriding fluid and little deposition occurs. Shortly after this we see the clear development of a depositional region (with low velocities, predominantly in the downwards direction) and an eroding region (with high, almost uniformly horizontal velocities) within the front of material that enters the bed, separated by a region of high shear. For larger released volumes, multiple shear bands develop, thus showing distinct regions with different rates of material deposition.

2012

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Calculation of geological uncertainties associated with 3-D geological models

Ian Pomian-Srzednicki

EPFL2002

2012