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Concept
Hébreu moderne
Résumé
Modern Hebrew (עברית חדשה, ʿivrít ḥadašá[h], ivˈʁit χadaˈʃa, lit. "Modern Hebrew" or "New Hebrew"), also known as Israeli Hebrew or Israeli, and generally referred to by speakers simply as Hebrew (עברית Ivrit), is the form of the Hebrew language that was revived as a spoken language in the late 19th and 20th centuries, and the standard form of Hebrew spoken today. It is the official language of the State of Israel. Among Canaanite languages, Modern Hebrew is the only one spoken today.
Spoken in ancient times, Ancient Hebrew, a member of the Canaanite branch of the Semitic language family, was supplanted as the Jewish vernacular by the western dialect of Aramaic beginning in the third century BCE, though it continued to be used as a liturgical and literary language. Motivated by a desire to preserve Hebrew literature and a distinct Jewish nationality, and in the context of early Zionism, the Russian linguist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858–1922) led a movement to revive Hebrew as a spoken language.
Modern Hebrew is spoken by about nine million people, counting native, fluent and non-fluent speakers. Most speakers are citizens of Israel: about five million are Israelis who speak Modern Hebrew as their native language, 1.5 million are immigrants to Israel, 1.5 million are Arab citizens of Israel, whose first language is usually Arabic, and half a million are expatriate Israelis or diaspora Jews living outside Israel.
The organization that officially directs the development of the Modern Hebrew language, under the law of the State of Israel, is the Academy of the Hebrew Language.
The most common scholarly term for the language is "Modern Hebrew" (עברית חדשה ʿivrít ħadašá[h]). Most people refer to it simply as Hebrew (עברית Ivrit).
The term "Modern Hebrew" has been described as "somewhat problematic" as it implies unambiguous periodization from Biblical Hebrew. Haiim B. Rosén (חיים רוזן) supported the now widely used term "Israeli Hebrew" on the basis that it "represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew".
Source officielle
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