In cellular biology, paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling, a type of cellular communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to cell signaling by endocrine factors, hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system; juxtacrine interactions; and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.
Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body - even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.
In order for paracrine factors to successfully induce a response in the receiving cell, that cell must have the appropriate receptors available on the cell membrane to receive the signals, also known as being competent. Additionally, the responding cell must also have the ability to be mechanistically induced.
Although the FGF family of paracrine factors has a broad range of functions, major findings support the idea that they primarily stimulate proliferation and differentiation. To fulfill many diverse functions, FGFs can be alternatively spliced or even have different initiation codons to create hundreds of different FGF isoforms.
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This course will provide the fundamental knowledge in neuroscience required to
understand how the brain is organised and how function at multiple scales is
integrated to give rise to cognition and beh
This course will provide the fundamental knowledge in neuroscience required to
understand how the brain is organised and how function at multiple scales is
integrated to give rise to cognition and beh
This course will provide the fundamental knowledge in neuroscience required to
understand how the brain is organised and how function at multiple scales is
integrated to give rise to cognition and beh
La signalisation cellulaire est un système complexe de communication qui régit les processus fondamentaux des cellules et coordonne leur activité. La capacité des cellules à percevoir leur micro-environnement et à y répondre correctement est à la base de leur développement et de celui des organismes multicellulaires, de la cicatrisation et du système immunitaire, ainsi que de l'homéostasie tissulaire normale. Des dysfonctionnements dans le traitement de l'information cellulaire peuvent être responsables de maladies telles que le cancer, les maladies auto-immunes et le diabète.
La somatostatine, aussi appelée GHIH (de l'anglais Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone) ou SRIF (de l'anglais Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Factor), est une hormone protéique inhibitrice de l'hormone de croissance. Elle existe sous deux formes actives, produites par un clivage alternatif d'une même pré-protéine : une de 14 acides aminés, une autre de 28 acides aminés. La somatostatine est sécrétée non seulement par les cellules de l'hypothalamus mais également par les cellules delta de l'estomac, de l'intestin et du pancréas.
La protéine Sonic hedgehog (SHH), nommée d'après Sonic the Hedgehog, est, chez les mammifères l'une des trois protéines impliquées dans la voie de signalisation dite Hedgehog, les deux autres facteurs de cette voie étant les protéines et . La protéine SHH est le ligand le mieux étudié de la voie de signalisation Hedgehog. Il joue un rôle clé dans la régulation de l'organogenèse des vertébrés, comme la croissance des doigts sur les membres et l'organisation du cerveau. Son gène est le SHH situé sur le chromosome 7 humain.
During development, cell fates are governed by multiple microenvironmental cues and their integration by specific signal transduction pathways. This course focuses on imaging of mechanosensory cilia o
Students will learn essentials of cell and developmental biology with an engineering mind set, with an emphasis on animal model systems and quantitative approaches.
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the biology of cancer, illustrating the mechanisms that cancer cells use to grow and disseminate at the expense of normal tissues and organs.
Explore l'activation, les cascades de signalisation et les mécanismes de régulation des récepteurs tyrosine kinases, en mettant l'accent sur les implications de la maladie et les stratégies thérapeutiques.
Explore les mécanismes de signalisation cellulaire, y compris les récepteurs, les voies et la transduction du signal pour la régulation des gènes et les réponses cellulaires.
Activin-A is a Transforming Growth Factor-B (TGFB)-related cytokine that regulates various biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine signaling. Activin-A expression is upregulated in mul ...
Cartilage homeostasis, crucial for musculoskeletal function, is orchestrated by interconnected biophysical cues. In healthy cartilage, repetitive compressive loading not only elicits a range of mechanical stimuli but also induces a gradual transient temper ...
Organoids, miniature tissues generated from self-organizing stem cells within three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrices (ECM), have opened up exciting possibilities for in vitro studies of complex physiological processes. A key factor in the success of ...