Fiber product of schemes

In mathematics, specifically in algebraic geometry, the fiber product of schemes is a fundamental construction. It has many interpretations and special cases. For example, the fiber product describes how an algebraic variety over one field determines a variety over a bigger field, or the pullback of a family of varieties, or a fiber of a family of varieties. Base change is a closely related notion. The of schemes is a broad setting for algebraic geometry. A fruitful philosophy (known as Grothendieck's relative point of view) is that much of algebraic geometry should be developed for a morphism of schemes X → Y (called a scheme X over Y), rather than for a single scheme X. For example, rather than simply studying algebraic curves, one can study families of curves over any base scheme Y. Indeed, the two approaches enrich each other. In particular, a scheme over a commutative ring R means a scheme X together with a morphism X → Spec(R). The older notion of an algebraic variety over a field k is equivalent to a scheme over k with certain properties. (There are different conventions for exactly which schemes should be called "varieties". One standard choice is that a variety over a field k means an integral separated scheme of finite type over k.) In general, a morphism of schemes X → Y can be imagined as a family of schemes parametrized by the points of Y. Given a morphism from some other scheme Z to Y, there should be a "pullback" family of schemes over Z. This is exactly the fiber product X ×Y Z → Z. Formally: it is a useful property of the category of schemes that the always exists. That is, for any morphisms of schemes X → Y and Z → Y, there is a scheme X ×Y Z with morphisms to X and Z, making the diagram commutative, and which is universal with that property. That is, for any scheme W with morphisms to X and Z whose compositions to Y are equal, there is a unique morphism from W to X ×Y Z that makes the diagram commute. As always with universal properties, this condition determines the scheme X ×Y Z up to a unique isomorphism, if it exists.

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Fiber product of schemes

Glossary of algebraic geometry

This is a glossary of algebraic geometry. See also glossary of commutative algebra, glossary of classical algebraic geometry, and glossary of ring theory. For the number-theoretic applications, see glossary of arithmetic and Diophantine geometry. For simplicity, a reference to the base scheme is often omitted; i.e., a scheme will be a scheme over some fixed base scheme S and a morphism an S-morphism.

Corps résiduel

Un corps résiduel d'un anneau commutatif R est le quotient de R par un idéal maximal. S'agissant d'un idéal maximal, l'anneau issu du quotient a une structure de corps. Le concept est avant tout utilisé en géométrie algébrique et en théorie algébrique des nombres, où l'on travaille le plus souvent avec un anneau local ou un anneau de valuation discrète, qui ne possède qu'un idéal maximal et permet donc de parler « du » corps résiduel. On peut opérer le quotient sur un anneau non commutatif, mais on obtient alors un corps gauche.

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