Conséquentialisme

Résumé

Le conséquentialisme fait partie des éthiques téléologiques et constitue l'ensemble des théories morales qui soutiennent que ce sont les conséquences d'une action donnée qui doivent constituer la base de tout jugement moral de ladite action. Ainsi, d'un point de vue conséquentialiste, une action moralement juste est une action dont les conséquences sont bonnes. Plus formellement, le conséquentialisme est le point de vue moral qui prend les conséquences pour seul critère normatif. On oppose généralement le conséquentialisme aux éthiques déontologiques, lesquelles mettent l'accent sur le type d'action plutôt que sur ses conséquences, et à l'éthique de la vertu, laquelle se concentre sur le caractère et les motivations de l'agent. Définition Le terme « conséquentialisme » a été inventé par Elizabeth Anscombe dans son article Modern Moral Philosophy publié en 1958, essai critique envers ce point de vue moral. Depuis lors, le terme a largement investi la théorie morale anglophon

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cons%C3%A9quentialisme

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A unique approach to reveal the nanocomposite nc-MN/SiN-layer architecture of thin films via electrical measurements

Scott Harada, Silviu Cosmin Sandu, Rosendo Sanjines

By addition of Si to a binary transition metal nitride MN (e.g. TiN, ZrN, NbN, CrN), the hardness, thermal stability and chemical inertness of films have been considerably improved. The formation of a ternary M–Si–N ternary phase is possible under specific conditions such as low temperature, high deposition rate and low nitrogen pressure. The formation of nanocomposite materials (e.g. crystallites of MN + a thin layer of SiNx) is also possible under a wide range of deposition conditions. In such nanocomposite thin films the crystallite sizes are on the order of a few nanometers. The grain surfaces and boundaries have an important effect on the physical properties. The arrangement and chemical composition of the so-called “amorphous” minority phase (SiNx) are crucial for electrical and mechanical properties. The location, composition and thickness of the amorphous phase must therefore be known precisely. Their experimental determination is challenging due to the small concentration and in particular the geometry of the “amorphous” phase: approximately one monolayer either completely or partially covering the MN nanocrystallites. TEM investigations on such composites are known to have their limitations. It will be shown that the electrical resistivity, measured as a function of temperature, provides an experimental means for following the thickness evolution of the SiNx coverage layer, in such nanocomposite films.

2010

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This introductory, along with the eight articles contained within this Special Issue, highlights and brings greater clarity to entrant-incumbent interactions and to firm movement - when entrants traverse market territories for the creation and/or delivery of offerings, where 'markets' include service or product categories, technology or resource spaces, industries, sectors and/or geographies. Collectively, this Special Issues explains that firm movement across market boundaries is highly consequential, influencing resource-capability mixes inside firms, interfirm relations, market logic and industry value chains, and of course, people, communities and even nations. Specifically, we develop a field-wide perspective of market entry by expanding on the framework of market entry that Zachary and his colleagues developed (Zachary et al., 2015) - i.e., the who (players such as incumbents, entrants, suppliers, etc.), when (the timing and sequence of entry), how (the strategy, resources, capabilities, etc.), where (the space of entry) and what (product, service, business model, etc.) - to include two additional categories: complements (networks, platforms, ecosystems) and non-market elements (government, political, social and cultural arrangements). We also summarize the eight highly diverse and insightful articles that make this Special Issue, and conclude with a discussion to highlight foundational questions that point to new directions in future research in this field. In sum, we hope to inspire scholars to go beyond counting outcomes (e.g., entry/exit rates, or profiling successful versus unsuccessful entrants), to consider contexts, processes and contingencies (e.g., cost, time, collaboration, competition, interfirm relations, etc.) and to discover boundary conditions that inform a theory of market entry.

WILEY2019

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