The Samaritan script is used by the Samaritans for religious writings, including the Samaritan Pentateuch, writings in Samaritan Hebrew, and for commentaries and translations in Samaritan Aramaic and occasionally Arabic.
Samaritan is a direct descendant of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, which was a variety of the Phoenician alphabet. Paleo-Hebrew is the alphabet in which large parts of the Hebrew Bible were originally penned according to the consensus of most scholars, who also believe that these scripts are descendants of the Proto-Sinaitic script. Paleo-Hebrew script was used by the ancient Israelites, both Jews and Samaritans.
The better-known "square script" Hebrew alphabet which has been traditionally used by Jews since the Babylonian exile is a stylized version of the Aramaic alphabet called Ashurit (כתב אשורי), though religious literalist interpretations of assume that the text asserts that it was received on Sinai from the Finger of God and that it has been in continuous and unchanged use since then.
Historically, the Aramaic alphabet became distinct from Phoenician/Paleo-Hebrew in the 8th century. After the fall of the Persian Empire, Judaism used both scripts before settling on the Aramaic form, henceforth de facto becoming the "Hebrew alphabet" since it was repurposed to write Hebrew. For a limited time thereafter, the use of paleo-Hebrew (proto-Samaritan) among Jews was retained only to write the Tetragrammaton, but soon that custom was also abandoned.
A cursive style of the alphabet also exists.
The Samaritan alphabet first became known to the Western world with the publication of a manuscript of the Samaritan Pentateuch in 1631 by Jean Morin. In 1616 the traveler Pietro della Valle had purchased a copy of the text in Damascus, and this manuscript, now known as Codex B, was deposited in a Parisian library.
The table below shows the development of the Samaritan script. On the left are the corresponding Hebrew letters for comparison. Column I is the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. Column X shows the modern form of the letters.
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Shin (also spelled Šin (DIN) or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician šīn , Hebrew šīn ש, Aramaic šīn , Syriac šīn ܫ, and Arabic sin س. Its sound value is a voiceless sibilant, ʃ or s. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma () (which in turn gave Latin S and Cyrillic С), and the letter Sha in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts (, ). The South Arabian and Ethiopian letter Śawt is also cognate.
Les Juifs (en hébreu : יְהוּדִים / yehoudim, en grec ancien : / Ioudaĩoi, en latin : Iudaei, etc.) sont les membres d’un peuple lié à sa propre religion, le judaïsme et, au sens large du terme, à une appartenance ethnique même non religieuse. La tradition juive relie leur ascendance aux patriarches Abraham, Isaac et Jacob également appelé Israël. Ils peuplent la Judée et le royaume d'Israël, structurant leur quotidien autour de la Bible hébraïque, laquelle comprend les cinq Livres de la Torah attribués à Moïse, les Livres des prophètes ultérieurs et d’autres écrits.
Le 'Pentateuque samaritain' est la version du Pentateuque en usage chez les Samaritains. Ce texte est relativement proche des versions chrétiennes et juives du Pentateuque, mais intègre plus de six mille différences. La plus connue est l'obligation de considérer le mont Garizim comme le principal lieu saint, en lieu et place de Jérusalem et de son temple. Les Samaritains se considèrent comme les conservateurs de la véritable Torah, dont Ezra aurait rapporté un exemplaire à Jérusalem pour le falsifier.