Cour de circuit

Circuit courts are court systems in several common law jurisdictions. It may refer to: Courts that literally sit 'on circuit', ie judges move around a region or country to different towns or cities where they will hear cases Courts that sit within a judicial circuit, an administrative division of a country's judiciary A higher-level trial court, eg for felony or indictment offences The term "circuit court" is derived from the English custom of itinerant courts whose judges periodically travelled on pre-set paths - or circuits - to hear cases from different areas. The first formal circuits were defined in 1293, when a statute was enacted which established four assize circuits. It was long assumed that these circuits originated with the eyre in common pleas during the reign of Henry II, but during the late 1950s, legal historians such as Ralph Pugh recognized that the eyre's "connection with later circuit justices is rather collateral than lineal", and the eyre was merely one of a number of experiments in "systematized itinerant justice" undertaken by the English crown during the late 12th century and the 13th century. The development of the assize circuits was interrupted in 1305 by the appointment of justices of trailbaston by King Edward I. Under King Edward III, two statutes were enacted in 1328 and 1330 which restored the assize circuits and reorganized the counties of England into six circuits where assizes were supposed to be held thrice yearly (but were more often held twice each year). By 1337, the six assize circuits had stabilized as follows: During the 1500s, two major changes occurred. Middlesex was removed from the Home Circuit and grouped with the adjacent City of London (which was never part of the circuits), and Oxfordshire and Berkshire were transferred from the Western Circuit to the Oxford Circuit. The Welsh county of Monmouthshire was also transferred into the Oxford Circuit. After that, the circuits of England remained largely static for almost four centuries, until they were again reorganized during the 19th century.

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Concepts associés (24)

Subject-matter jurisdiction

Subject-matter jurisdiction, also called jurisdiction ratione materiae, is a legal doctrine holding that a court can only hear and decide cases of a particular type (i.e., cases relating to a specific subject matter). The subject matter jurisdiction of a court may be described as either limited jurisdiction, meaning it is able to hear only certain types of cases, or general jurisdiction, meaning it is presumed able to hear and decide all types of cases. For instance, a bankruptcy court only has the authority to hear bankruptcy cases.

États des États-Unis

Les États des États-Unis sont les subdivisions politiques et historiques les plus importantes des États-Unis d'Amérique. Ce pays est une république fédérale composée de cinquante États fédérés auxquels s'ajoutent le district de Columbia et plusieurs territoires. La souveraineté est exercée à la fois par le gouvernement fédéral et par chacun des cinquante gouvernements d'État. Un Américain est à la fois citoyen des États-Unis et citoyen de l'État où il est domicilié.

Cour de circuit

Une cour de circuit (circuit court) est le nom donné à certaines cours de justice dans les pays anglo-saxons. Leur nom provient de ce qu'à l'origine elles tenaient leurs audiences dans de multiples endroits à l'intérieur d'un même district judiciaire ; le ou les juges voyageaient selon un circuit déterminé pour rendre justice. En particulier sur la frontière, aux États-Unis, un juge, suivi d'un groupe de juristes, se déplaçait d'une localité à l'autre.