Amphibia

Résumé

Les amphibiens (Amphibia), anciennement « batraciens », forment une classe de vertébrés tétrapodes. Ils sont généralement définis comme un groupe incluant l'« ensemble des tétrapodes non amniotes ». La branche de la zoologie qui les étudie (ainsi que les « reptiles ») est l'herpétologie, plus précisément la batrachologie, du grec batrachos, grenouille, qui leur est spécialement consacrée. Les amphibiens vivent dans une grande variété d’habitats mais la majorité des espèces affectionnent les écosystèmes terrestres, d’eau douce ou arboricoles. Les amphibiens débutent généralement leur vie sous la forme d’une larve aquatique, qui se métamorphose plus tard en forme adulte définitive, mais certaines espèces n’effectuent pas cette métamorphose, soit en restant larvaires toute leur vie et se reproduisant ainsi (néoténie), soit en prenant la forme adulte miniature avant éclosion. La larve a un mode de vie totalement aquatique et respire par le biais de branchies tandis que l’adulte est doté

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibia

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Publications associées (12)

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Cours associés (6)

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Séances de cours associées (8)

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Landscape effects on anuran pond occupancy in an agricultural countryside: barrier-based buffers predict distributions better than circular buffers

Anna Klingemann, Rodolphe Schlaepfer, Flavio Zanini

Species movement and occupancy of habitat patches are dependent on landscape permeability. Some land-use types (e.g., roads) may be barriers to animal movement. Analyses of the effect of landscape structure on patch occupancy usually use circular buffers around focal patches. The main assumption of this methodological approach is that species are affected by a particular landscape element equally in every direction from a given patch. This assumption is likely not to hold if animal movement is restricted by barriers because barriers reduce movement patterns and reshape the ideal circular buffer into a noncircular buffer. We developed a method to determine the effect of landscape variables oil the distribution of two amphibian species that explicitly takes dispersal barriers into account. We extracted landscape variables within (i) circular buffers (CB) and (ii) barrier-based buffers (BBB). BBB were produced by reducing the boundaries of CB according to major impassable barriers. The BBB approach almost doubled the explained deviance of multiple regression models in comparison with the CB approach. Moreover. CB and BBB models included different predictor variables. We Suggest that the BBB approach is more Useful than the traditional CB analyses of species-habitat relationships because ecological barriers are explicitly taken into account..

2008

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A meta-analysis reveals temperature, dose, life stage, and taxonomy influence host susceptibility to a fungal parasite

Suzanne Marie Young

Complex ecological relationships, such as host-parasite interactions, are often modeled with laboratory experiments. However, some experimental laboratory conditions, such as temperature or infection dose, are regularly chosen based on convenience or convention, and it is unclear how these decisions systematically affect experimental outcomes. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 58 laboratory studies that exposed amphibians to the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) to understand better how laboratory temperature, host life stage, infection dose, and host species affect host mortality. We found that host mortality was driven by thermal mismatches: hosts native to cooler environments experienced greater Bd-induced mortality at relatively warm experimental temperatures and vice versa. We also found that Bd dose positively predicted Bd-induced host mortality and that the superfamilies Bufonoidea and Hyloidea were especially susceptible to Bd. Finally, the effect of Bd on host mortality varied across host life stages, with larval amphibians experiencing lower risk of Bd-induced mortality than adults or metamorphs. Metamorphs were especially susceptible and experienced mortality when inoculated with much smaller Bd doses than the average dose used by researchers. Our results suggest that when designing experiments on species interactions, researchers should carefully consider the experimental temperature, inoculum dose, and life stage, and taxonomy of the host species.

WILEY2020

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Predicting species distribution is of fundamental importance for ecology and conservation. However, distribution models are usually established for only one region and it is unknown whether they can be transferred to other geographical regions. We studied the distribution of six amphibian species in five regions to address the question of whether the effect of landscape variables varied among regions. We analysed the effect of 10 variables extracted in six concentric buffers (from 100 m to 3 km) describing landscape composition around breeding ponds at different spatial scales. We used data on the occurrence of amphibian species in a total of 655 breeding ponds. We accounted for proximity to neighbouring populations by including a connectivity index to our models. We used logistic regression and information-theoretic model selection to evaluate candidate models for each species.

2009

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