Tonneau (récipient)

Résumé

vignette|redresse=2|Descriptif des parties composantes d'un tonneau. Un tonneau est un conteneur utilisé pour conserver les liquides de consommation. Inventé soit par les Gaulois, soit par les Rhétes, le tonneau a traversé les siècles. C'est un type de fût, ou futaille, en bois de forme et de capacité variables selon les régions. Il permet l'élevage du vin. Du point de vue mathématique, il peut être décrit comme un solide de révolution. Histoire Antiquité vignette|gauche|redresse=0.4|Le dieu celte Sucellos représenté avec un tonnelet. L'amphore est, dans l'Antiquité, le récipient le plus utilisé pour le transport de produits de base : le vin, l'huile d'olive, la bière (zythum et zythogala), le poisson (caques) et les sauces de poissons (de type garum). Le cintrage du bois à chaud est connu très tôt des Celtes, des Phéniciens et des Égyptiens, notamment pour la fabrication des bateaux. vignette|Reconstitution originale du pinardier romain de Neumagen () daté d'

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonneau_(r%C3%A9cipient)

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The reaction of cis-blocked, square-planar MII complexes with tetratopic N-donor ligands is known to give metallasupramolecular assemblies of the formula M2nLn. These assemblies typically adopt barrel-like structures, with the ligands paneling the sides of the barrels. However, alternative structures are possible, as demonstrated by the recent discovery of a Pt8L4 cage with unusual gyrobifastigium-like geometry. To date, the factors that govern the assembly of MII2nLn complexes are not well understood. Herein, we provide a geometric analysis of M2nLn complexes, and we discuss how size and geometry of the ligand is expected to influence the self-assembly process. The theoretical analysis is complemented by experimental studies using different cis-blocked PtII complexes and metalloligands with four divergent pyridyl groups. Mononuclear metalloligands gave mainly assemblies of type Pt8L4, which adopt barrel- or gyrobifastigium-like structures. Larger assemblies can also form, as evidenced by the crystallographic characterization of a Pt10L5 complex and a Pt16L8 complex. The former adopts a pentagonal barrel structure, whereas the latter displays a barrel structure with a distorted square orthobicupola geometry. The Pt16L8 complex has a molecular weight of more than 23 kDa and a diameter of 4.5 nm, making it the largest, structurally characterized M2nLn complex described to date. A dinuclear metalloligand was employed for the targeted synthesis of pentagonal Pt10L5 barrels, which are formed in nearly quantitative yields.

Amer Chemical Soc2017

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The DAQ and control system for the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector upgrade

Georgios Anagnostou, Konstantin Androsov, François Bianchi, Alessandro Caratelli, Chunhui Chen, Tian Cheng, Abhisek Datta, Francesco Fiori, Ali Harb, Werner Lustermann, Stefano Michelis, Thomas Muller, Albert Perez, Quentin Python, Andrea Rizzi, François Robert, Varun Sharma, Andromachi Tsirou, David Vannerom, Qian Wang, Hui Wang, Matthias Weber, Meng Xiao, Yong Yang, Kai Yi

In 2017 a new pixel detector was installed in the CMS detector. This so-called Phase-1 pixel detector features four barrel layers in the central region and three disks per end in the forward regions. The upgraded pixel detector requires an upgraded data acquisition (DAQ) system to accept a new data format and larger event sizes. A new DAQ and control system has been developed based on a combination of custom and commercial microTCA parts. Custom mezzanine cards on standard carrier cards provide a front-end driver for readout, and two types of front-end controller for configuration and the distribution of clock and trigger signals. Before the installation of the detector the DAQ system underwent a series of integration tests, including readout of the pilot pixel detector, which was constructed with prototype Phase-1 electronics and operated in CMS from 2015 to 2016, quality assurance of the CMS Phase-1 detector during its assembly, and testing with the CMS Central DAQ. This paper describes the Phase-1 pixel DAQ and control system, along with the integration tests and results. A description of the operational experience and performance in data taking is included.

2019

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The CMS Phase-1 pixel detector upgrade

Georgios Anagnostou, Konstantin Androsov, François Bianchi, Alessandro Caratelli, Rakesh Chawla, Tian Cheng, Abhisek Datta, Francesco Fiori, Ali Harb, Ajay Kumar, Jing Li, Werner Lustermann, Stefano Michelis, Albert Perez, Jessica Prisciandaro, Andrea Rizzi, François Robert, Varun Sharma, Andromachi Tsirou, David Vannerom, Hui Wang, Qian Wang, Matthias Weber, Yong Yang, Kai Yi

The CMS detector at the CERN LHC features a silicon pixel detector as its innermost subdetector. The original CMS pixel detector has been replaced with an upgraded pixel system (CMS Phase-1 pixel detector) in the extended year-end technical stop of the LHC in 2016/2017. The upgraded CMS pixel detector is designed to cope with the higher instantaneous luminosities that have been achieved by the LHC after the upgrades to the accelerator during the first long shutdown in 2013-2014. Compared to the original pixel detector, the upgraded detector has a better tracking performance and lower mass with four barrel layers and three endcap disks on each side to provide hit coverage up to an absolute value of pseudorapidity of 2.5. This paper describes the design and construction of the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector as well as its performance from commissioning to early operation in collision data-taking.

2021

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