Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. There have been 20 distinct chemokine receptors discovered in humans. Each has a rhodopsin-like 7-transmembrane (7TM) structure and couples to G-protein for signal transduction within a cell, making them members of a large protein family of G protein-coupled receptors. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) ions (calcium signaling). This causes cell responses, including the onset of a process known as chemotaxis that traffics the cell to a desired location within the organism. Chemokine receptors are divided into different families, CXC chemokine receptors, CC chemokine receptors, CX3C chemokine receptors and XC chemokine receptors that correspond to the 4 distinct subfamilies of chemokines they bind. Four families of chemokine receptors differ in spacing of cysteine residues near N-terminal of the receptor.
Chemokine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors containing 7 transmembrane domains that are found predominantly on the surface of leukocytes, making it one of the rhodopsin-like receptors. Approximately 19 different chemokine receptors have been characterized to date, which share many common structural features; they are composed of about 350 amino acids that are divided into a short and acidic N-terminal end, seven helical transmembrane domains with three intracellular and three extracellular hydrophilic loops, and an intracellular C-terminus containing serine and threonine residues that act as phosphorylation sites during receptor regulation. The first two extracellular loops of chemokine receptors are linked together by disulfide bonding between two conserved cysteine residues. The N-terminal end of a chemokine receptor binds to chemokines and is important for ligand specificity. G-proteins couple to the C-terminal end, which is important for receptor signaling following ligand binding.
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Presentation of selected signalling pathways with emphasis on both the mechanism of action of the molecules involved, molecular interactions and the role of their spatio-temporal organization within t
Immunoengineering is an emerging field where engineering principles are grounded in immunology. This course provides students a broad overview of how engineering approaches can be utilized to study im
Les leucocytes (du grec leukos : blanc et kutos : cellule) ou globules blancs sont des cellules produites dans la moelle osseuse et présentes dans le sang, la lymphe, les organes lymphoïdes (ganglions, rate, amygdale et végétations adénoïdes et plaques de Peyer) et de nombreux tissus conjonctifs de l'organisme. Il en existe trois types principaux : les polynucléaires (ou granulocytes), les lymphocytes et les monocytes. Chaque type joue un rôle important au sein du système immunitaire en participant à la protection contre les agressions d'organismes extérieurs de manière coordonnée.
Les chimiokines (parfois appelées, par anglicisme, chémokines) sont une famille de petites protéines, majoritairement solubles, de 8-14 kilodaltons. Les chimiokines sont des cytokines chimiotactiques qui contrôlent les motifs de migration et le positionnement des cellules immunitaires. Leur fonction la plus étudiée est l'attraction (chimiotactisme) et le contrôle de l'état d'activation des cellules du système immunitaire. D'autres fonctions leur ont été aussi attribuées, dans le développement embryologique ou la physiologie du système nerveux par exemple.
Cell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
Explore les mécanismes de défense innés, y compris le système de complément, l'inflammation, l'immunité antivirale, la migration leucocytaire et les récepteurs de la phagocytose.
Explore la diversité de signalisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G, la structure de couverture, l'activation, les effets de biais et l'internalisation.
Interaction with microenvironmental factors is crucial for the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. Stroma derived factor (SDF)-1 alpha supports HSCs in the quiescent state and is central to the homing of transplanted HSCs. Here, we show t ...
Background Excessive inflammation, hemolysis, and accumulation of labile heme play an essential role in the pathophysiology of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in sepsis. Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), an acute phase protein with heme binding capacity, i ...
Frontiers Media Sa2024
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In lymphopenic environments, secondary lymphoid organs regulate the size of B and T cell compartments by supporting the homeostatic proliferation of mature lymphocytes. The molecular mechanisms underlying these responses and their functional consequences r ...