PsychoticismPsychoticism is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans Eysenck in his P–E–N model (psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism) model of personality. Psychoticism is conceptually similar to the constraint factor in Tellegen's three-factor model of personality. Psychoticism may be divided into narrower traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking. These may in turn be further subdivided into even more specific traits. For example, impulsivity may be divided into narrow impulsivity (unthinking responsivity), risk taking, non-planning, and liveliness.
NeuroticismeLe neuroticisme (ou névrosisme, névrotisme, neurotisme) est un trait de personnalité fondamental dans l'étude de la psychologie. Mis en évidence empiriquement dans le modèle des "Big Five" puis dans le modèle HEXACO (émotivité), il caractérise une tendance persistante à l'expérience des émotions négatives. Les individus possédant un haut degré de neuroticisme peuvent faire l'expérience d'émotions telles que l'anxiété, la colère, la culpabilité et la dépression.
Alternative five model of personalityThe alternative five model of personality is based on the claim that the structure of human personality traits is best explained by five broad factors called impulsive sensation seeking (ImpSS), neuroticism–anxiety (N-Anx), aggression–hostility (Agg-Host), sociability (Sy), and activity (Act). The model was developed by Marvin Zuckerman and colleagues as a rival to the well-known five factor model of personality traits and is based on the assumption that "basic" personality traits are those with a strong biological-evolutionary basis.
Introversion et extraversionLes termes introversion et extraversion furent proposés par Carl Gustav Jung dans son ouvrage Types Psychologiques (1921) pour distinguer les deux types d’attitudes observables chez les individus selon leur tendance à s’intéresser aux objets externes (les autres, le monde) ou à leur propre univers intérieur ou subjectivité. À ce propos, compte tenu de la tendance à considérer le ‘subjectif’ comme ayant moins de validité que ce qui est « objectif », Jung tient à clarifier ce qu’il signifie par subjectivité dans ce contexte : .
Psychologie de la personnalitéLa psychologie de la personnalité est une branche de la psychologie étudiant la personnalité et les différences individuelles. Ce domaine d'étude inclut, entre autres, la construction d'une théorie cohérente permettant de décrire, d'expliquer et de prédire le comportement, le processus psychologique et l'image d'un individu. La « personnalité » peut être définie comme étant un processus dynamique et organisé de caractéristiques chez un individu influençant uniquement sa cognition, ses motivations et comportements durant de nombreuses situations variées.
Goal orientationGoal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. A mastery orientation is also sometimes referred to as a learning orientation. Goal orientation refers to how an individual interprets and reacts to tasks, resulting in different patterns of cognition, affect and behavior.
16PF QuestionnaireThe Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a self-report personality test developed over several decades of empirical research by Raymond B. Cattell, Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber. The 16PF provides a measure of personality and can also be used by psychologists, and other mental health professionals, as a clinical instrument to help diagnose psychiatric disorders, and help with prognosis and therapy planning.
Harm avoidanceHarm avoidance (HA) is a personality trait characterized by excessive worrying; pessimism; shyness; and being fearful, doubtful, and easily fatigued. In MRI studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbito-frontal, occipital and parietal regions. Harm avoidance is a temperament assessed in the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), its revised version (TCI-R) and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and is positively related to the trait neuroticism and inversely to extraversion in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
Academic achievementAcademic achievement or academic performance is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. Completion of educational benchmarks such as secondary school diplomas and bachelor's degrees represent academic achievement. Academic achievement is commonly measured through examinations or continuous assessments but there is no general agreement on how it is best evaluated or which aspects are most important—procedural knowledge such as skills or declarative knowledge such as facts.
Lexical hypothesisThe lexical hypothesis (also known as the fundamental lexical hypothesis, lexical approach, or sedimentation hypothesis) is a thesis, current primarily in early personality psychology, and subsumed subsequently by many later efforts concerning that topic. Despite some variation of its definition and application, the hypothesis is generally defined by two postulates. The first states that those personality characteristics that are important to a group of people will eventually become a part of that group's language.
