Animation par ordinateur

Résumé

thumb|Réalisé avec le logiciel Blender, Caminandes est un exemple de court métrage animé par ordinateur. L’animation par ordinateur ou animation en images de synthèse est toute animation dont chaque photogramme est une entièrement créée avec un ordinateur. Certaines animations par ordinateur sont intégrées au sein de prise de vues réelles ou d'animations obtenues par d'autres procédés. C'est d'ailleurs comme ça que l'animation par ordinateur a commencé à être utilisée avant que des films ou des vidéos soient entièrement animés avec l'outil informatique. Il y a essentiellement deux types d'animation par ordinateur : la 2D numérique et l'animation 3D. Histoire Dans l'histoire du cinéma et de l'animation classique, quelques films des années 1970 et 1980 ont commencé à immiscer des séquences plus ou moins longues au milieu de leur métrage. Les années 1990 ont vu l'avènement de l'émancipation de l'animation en images de synthèse. Quelques exemples restés célèbres sont les su

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_par_ordinateur

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Séances de cours associées (28)

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3D modeling of the human upper limb including the biomechanics of joints, muscles and soft tissues

The challenge in virtual human modeling is to achieve the representation of the main human characteristics with as much realism as possible. Such achievements would allow the simulation and/or analysis of many virtual situations involving humans. Simulation is especially useful to derive information from the models so as to predict and/or reproduce the behaviors that would be observed in real situations. Computer methods in visualization and simulation have thus great potential for advances in medicine. The processes of strength generation and motion coordination are some of these phenomena for which there is still much remaining to be understood. The human shoulder is also probably the articulation of the human body which deserves more than any other to be named "terra incognita". Investigations towards the biomechanical modeling and simulation of the human upper limb are therefore presented in this study. It includes thorough investigation into the musculoskeletal anatomy and biomechanics of the human upper limb, into the biomechanical constitutive modeling of muscles and soft tissues, and into the nonlinear continuum mechanics and numerical methods, especially the incremental finite element methods, necessary for their simulation. On this basis, a 3-D biomechanical musculoskeletal human upper limb model has been designed using the Visible Human Data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, and applied to the dynamic musculoskeletal simulation of the human upper limb. This research has been achieved in the context of the EU ESPRIT Project CHARM, whose objective has been to develop a comprehensive human animation resource database and a set of software tools allowing the modeling of the human complex musculoskeletal system and the simulation of its dynamics, including the finite element simulation of soft tissue deformation and muscular contraction. An investigation towards the application of this knowledge for the realistic modeling and animation of the upper limb in computer animation is then presented. The anatomical and biomechanical modeling of the scapulo-thoracic constraint and the shoulder joint sinus cones are proposed and applied to the realistic animation, using inverse kinematics, of a virtual skeleton and an anatomic musculoskeletal body model.

EPFL1999

Chargement

Ever since the development of Computer Graphics in the industrial and academic worlds in the seventies, public knowledge and expertise have grown in a tremendous way, notably because of the increasing fascination for Computer Animation. This specific field of Computer Graphics gathers numerous techniques, especially for the animation of characters or virtual humans in movies and video games. To create such high-fidelity animations, a particular interest has been dedicated to motion capture, a technology which allows to record the 3D movement of a live performer. The resulting realism motion is convincing. However, this technique offers little control to animators, as the recorded motion can only be played back. Recently, many advances based on motion capture have been published, concerning slight but precise modifications of an original motion or the parameterization of large motion databases. The challenge consists in combining motion realism with an intuitive on-line motion control, while preserving real-time performances. In the first part of this thesis, we would like to add a brick in the wall of motion parameterization techniques based on motion capture, by introducing a generic motion modeling for locomotion and jump activities. For this purpose, we simplify the motion representation using a statistical method in order to facilitate the elaboration of an efficient parametric model. This model is structured in hierarchical levels, allowing an intuitive motion synthesis with high-level parameters. In addition, we present a space and time normalization process to adapt our model to characters of various sizes. In the second part, we integrate this motion modeling in an animation engine, thus allowing for the generation of a continuous stream of motion for virtual humans. We provide two additional tools to improve the flexibility of our engine. Based on the concept of motion anticipation, we first introduce an on-line method for detecting and enforcing foot-ground constraints. Hence, a straight line walking motion can be smoothly modified to a curved one. Secondly, we propose an approach for the automatic and coherent synthesis of transitions from locomotion to jump (and inversely) motions, by taking into account their respective properties. Finally, we consider the interaction of a virtual human with its environment. Given initial and final conditions set on the locomotion speed and foot positions, we propose a method which computes the corresponding trajectory. To illustrate this method, we propose a case study which mirrors as closely as possible the behavior of a human confronted with an obstacle: at any time, obstacles may be interactively created in front of a moving virtual human. Our method computes a trajectory allowing the virtual human to precisely jump over the obstacle in an on-line manner.

EPFL2006

Chargement

Human shoulder modeling including scapulo-thoracic constraint and joint sinus cones

Daniel Thalmann

In virtual human modeling, the shoulder is usually composed of clavicular, scapular and arm segments related by rotational joints. Although the model is improved, the realistic animation of the shoulder is hardly achieved. This is due to the fact that it is difficult to coordinate the simultaneous motion of the shoulder components in a consistent way. Also, the common use of independent one-degree of freedom (DOF) joint hierarchies does not properly render the 3-D accessibility space of real joints. On the basis of former biomechanical investigations, we propose an extended shoulder model including scapulo-thoracic constraint and joint sinus cones. As a demonstration, the model is applied, using inverse kinematics, to the animation of a 3-D anatomic muscled skeleton model

Elsevier2000

Chargement

3D modeling of the human upper limb including the biomechanics of joints, muscles and soft tissues

EPFL1999

EPFL2006