Cytosol

Résumé

vignette|Diagramme d'une cellule :

Nucléole
Noyau
Ribosome
Vésicule
Réticulum endoplasmique rugueux (ou granuleux), aussi appelé ergastoplasme
Appareil de Golgi
Cytosquelette
Réticulum endoplasmique lisse
Mitochondrie
Vacuole dans les cellules végétales
Cytosol
Lysosome dans les cellules animales
Centriole

Le cytosol ou cytosole est, en biologie cellulaire, la phase liquide dans laquelle baignent les organites cytoplasmiques présents à l'intérieur des cellules. Le cytosol constitue, avec le cytosquelette, le hyaloplasme. Chez les procaryotes, l'ADN baigne dans le hyaloplasme, délimité par la membrane plasmique, alors que chez les eucaryotes, il est séparé du hyaloplasme par la membrane nucléaire. Étymologie Le terme cytosol a pour origine le préfixe cyto-, signifiant cellule, et sol, pour solution liquide. Hyaloplasme a pour étymologie le grec ancien ὕαλος, hyalos (« verre », «

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol

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Presentation of selected signalling pathways with emphasis on both the mechanism of action of the molecules involved, molecular interactions and the role of their spatio-temporal organization within the cell, considering cellular dimensions and conditions.

Chemical biology is a key discipline in biomedical research for drug discovery, synthetic biology and protein functional annotation. We will give a broad perspective of the field ranging from seminal classical experiments to state-of-the-art approaches to dissect and perturb biological systems.

Basic course in biochemistry as well as cellular and molecular biology for non-life science students enrolling at the Master or PhD thesis level from various engineering disciplines. It reviews essential notions necessary for a training in biology-related engineering fields.

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Vaccinia Virus Entry Is Followed by Core Activation and Proteasome-Mediated Release of the Immunomodulatory Effector VH1 from Lateral Bodies

Lucia Reh, Henning Paul-Julius Stahlberg

Host cell entry of vaccinia virus, the prototypic poxvirus, involves a membrane fusion event delivering the viral core and two proteinaceous lateral bodies (LBs) into the cytosol. Uncoating of viral cores is poorly characterized, and the composition and function of LBs remains enigmatic. We found that cytosolic cores rapidly dissociated from LBs and expanded in volume, which coincided with reduction of disulfide-bonded core proteins. We identified the abundant phosphoprotein F17, the dual-specificity phosphatase VH1, and the oxidoreductase G4 as bona fide LB components. After reaching the cytosol, F17 was degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner. Proteasome activity, and presumably LB disassembly, was required for the immediate immunomodulatory activity of VH1: dephosphorylation of STAT1 to prevent interferon-gamma-mediated antiviral responses. These results reveal a mechanism used by poxviruses to deliver viral enzymes to the host cell cytosol and are likely to facilitate the identification of additional LB-resident viral effectors.

Elsevier BV2013

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3D correlative electron microscopy reveals continuity of Brucella-containing vacuoles with the endoplasmic reticulum

Shyan Huey Low, Henning Paul-Julius Stahlberg

Entry of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella into host cells results in the formation of endosomal Brucella-containing vacuoles (eBCVs) that initially traffic along the endocytic pathway. eBCV acidification triggers the expression of a type IV secretion system that translocates bacterial effector proteins into host cells. This interferes with lysosomal fusion of eBCVs and supports their maturation to replicative Brucella-containing vacuoles (rBCVs). Bacteria replicate in rBCVs to large numbers, eventually occupying most of the cytoplasmic volume. As rBCV membranes tightly wrap each individual bacterium, they are constantly being expanded and remodeled during exponential bacterial growth. rBCVs are known to carry endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers; however, the relationship of the vacuole to the genuine ER has remained elusive. Here, we have reconstructed the 3-dimensional ultrastructure of rBCVs and associated ER by correlative structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopic tomography (FIB/SEM). Studying B. abortus-infected HeLa cells and trophoblasts derived from B. melitensis-infected mice, we demonstrate that rBCVs are complex and interconnected compartments that are continuous with neighboring ER cisternae, thus supporting a model that rBCVs are extensions of genuine ER.

The Company of Biologists2018

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The Role of c-di-AMP in Listeria monocytogenes

Matthieu Jean-Hubert Delincé

L. monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that can cause serious disease, like septicemia and meningitis. It is detected in the cytosol by the innate immune system by sensing pathogen ligands. c-di-AMP has recently been shown to be one of them, inducing an interferon response. L. monocytogenes produces this molecule with the DacA protein and secretes it in the host cell cytosol upon infection. A dacA mutant shows a growth defect indicating an important role for c-di-AMP. To get insights into the role of c-di-AMP this study proposes a forward genetic screen on a dacA mutant to find transposon insertions rescuing growth. The screening of 10 thousands mutants led us to find two insertions. A transposon insertion in a gene involved in DNA metabolism partially rescues growth in broth and intracellular culture. A second transposon insertion in a gene involved in energy metabolism was found to partially rescue intracellular growth only.

2011

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