Fusible (électricité)

Résumé

Le coupe-circuit à fusible (souvent simplifié en fusible) est, en électricité et en électronique, un organe de sécurité dont le rôle est d'ouvrir un circuit électrique lorsque le courant électrique dans celui-ci atteint, ou dépasse, une valeur d'intensité donnée pendant un certain temps. Son nom vient du fait qu'il y a fusion d'un matériau conducteur sous l'effet de son élévation de température provoquée par la surintensité. Emploi Un fusible a pour fonction de protéger un circuit électrique, entre autres, des courts-circuits et des surintensités générées par une défaillance de la charge alimentée. Cette protection permet dans le cas général de :

garantir l'intégrité et la possibilité de remise en service du circuit d'alimentation, une fois le défaut éliminé.
éviter les conséquences potentiellement catastrophiques qu'engendrerait une surintensité durable ou un court-circuit : dégradation des isolants, destruction d'appareils, projection de matières en fusion, départ

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Leveraging on recent advances in deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), single image deraining has been studied as a learning task, achieving an outstanding performance over traditional hand-designed approaches. Current CNNs based deraining approaches adopt the supervised learning framework that uses a massive training data generated with synthetic rain streaks, having a limited generalization ability on real rainy images. To address this problem, we propose a novel learning framework for single image deraining that leverages time-lapse sequences instead of the synthetic image pairs. The deraining networks are trained using the time-lapse sequences in which both camera and scenes are static except for time-varying rain streaks. Specifically, we formulate a background consistency loss such that the deraining networks consistently generate the same derained images from the time-lapse sequences. We additionally introduce two loss functions, the structure similarity loss that encourages the derained image to be similar with an input rainy image and the directional gradient loss using the assumption that the estimated rain streaks are likely to be sparse and have dominant directions. To consider various rain conditions, we leverage a dynamic fusion module that effectively fuses multi-scale features. We also build a novel large-scale time-lapse dataset providing real world rainy images containing various rain conditions. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques on synthetic and real rainy images both qualitatively and quantitatively. On the high-level vision tasks under severe rainy conditions, it has been shown that the proposed method can be utilized as a pre-preprocessing step for subsequent tasks.

2020

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ITER-Earthing

Damien Fasel, Jonathan Bryan Lister, Blaise Marlétaz, Philippe Marmillod, Albert Perez, Ugo Siravo

Earthing of electrical installations is mainly governed by safety rules. Electromagnetic compatibility also deals with earthing, among other circuit characteristics. Tokamaks are large-scale electrical installations that are known to generate large and low frequency magnetic fields as well as large and high frequency electric fields. Four European Tokamak installations have been investigated, from the earthing point of view, to identify appropriate techniques to earth the electrical equipment and to provide the lowest possible electromagnetic interference with the measurement circuits. But none of these existing installations looks like ITER, not even remotely. The plasma current range, the superconducting coils, the thick and continuous vacuum vessel, the cryostat, the very high voltage of its neutral beam injectors, the available amount of auxiliary heating power, the sensitivity of its magnetic measurements required for long pulses, the size of the site and the powerful supply grid all affect the plant earthing. Based on these investigations and the ITER specificities, a layout of the ITER site electrical supply grid and of the related earthing grid is proposed. Basic rules to reduce the electromagnetic noise at its sources and to improve the measurement immunity are also suggested.

2011

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ITER - Earthing

Damien Fasel, Jonathan Bryan Lister, Blaise Marlétaz, Philippe Marmillod, Albert Perez, Ugo Siravo

Elsevier2011

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