In histology, a lacuna is a small space, containing an osteocyte in bone, or chondrocyte in cartilage.
The lacunae are situated between the lamellae, and consist of a number of oblong spaces. In an ordinary microscopic section, viewed by transmitted light, they appear as fusiform opaque spots. Each lacuna is occupied during life by a branched cell, termed an osteocyte, bone-cell or bone-corpuscle. Lacunae are connected to one another by small canals called canaliculi. A lacuna never contains more than one osteocyte. Sinuses are an example of lacuna.
The cartilage cells or chondrocytes are contained in cavities in the matrix, called cartilage lacunae; around these, the matrix is arranged in concentric lines as if it had been formed in successive portions around the cartilage cells. This constitutes the so-called capsule of the space. Each lacuna is generally occupied by a single cell, but during the division of the cells, it may contain two, four, or eight cells. Lacunae are found between narrow sheets of calcified matrix that are known as lamellae (ləˈmɛli ).
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Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes.
L'ostéocyte est la cellule du tissu osseux, elle est issue de l'ostéoblaste. Il se situe dans le tissu osseux à la différence de l'ostéoblaste, situé dans la matrice minéralisée. Il est logé dans des cavités creusées dans la matrice : l'ostéoplaste. C'est une cellule fusiforme, aplatie, au noyau condensé et central. Elle contient peu de cytoplasme, mais il est légèrement acidophile. Son contour suit celui de l'ostéoplaste. Elle possède des prolongements qui lui permettent de communiquer avec d'autres ostéocytes grâce à des jonctions communicantes.
Le cartilage hyalin contient de l'acide hyaluronique et des glycoaminoglycanes (GAG). On le retrouve au niveau des surfaces articulaires composées de liquide synovial produit par les histiocytes et les fibroblastes. Un déficit en histiocytes et fibroblastes favorise donc l'arthrose et également l'apparition de rhumatismes articulaires, les cellules de cartilage (chondrocytes) y sont volumineuses, et la matrice extracellulaire abondante. Les fibres de collagène et xi forment un réseau à larges mailles, invisible au microsope photonique.