Cartilage hyalin

Le cartilage hyalin contient de l'acide hyaluronique et des glycoaminoglycanes (GAG). On le retrouve au niveau des surfaces articulaires composées de liquide synovial produit par les histiocytes et les fibroblastes. Un déficit en histiocytes et fibroblastes favorise donc l'arthrose et également l'apparition de rhumatismes articulaires, les cellules de cartilage (chondrocytes) y sont volumineuses, et la matrice extracellulaire abondante. Les fibres de collagène et ξ forment un réseau à larges mailles, invisible au microsope photonique. La vascularisation et l'innervation sont inexistantes : le chondrocyte se nourrit par imbibition à partir de l'os sous-chondral. Le chondrocyte secrète les molécules de la substance intercellulaire, des cytokines, des enzymes capables de dégrader la matrice. Elles présentent des récepteurs hormonaux à des hormones de croissance hypophysaire, à la thyroxine, à la testostérone et d'autres hormones sexuelles. Chez l'Homme adulte, il existe plusieurs sou

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Cartilage

Le cartilage est un tissu conjonctif souple parfois élastique que l'on retrouve chez les animaux sous différents types dans le corps y compris à la surface des articulations entre les os et dans la ca

vignette|250px|Illustration d'un fémur humain extraite de Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body. vignette|250px|La forme des os traduit l'adaptation évolutive aux fonctions qu'ils remplissent pour l'

Collagène

thumb|300px|Fibres de collagène de type I provenant d'un tissu pulmonaire de mammifère, observées au microscope électronique en transmission (MET). Le collagène est une protéine structurale, le plus

Biofunctional polymer nanoparticles for intra-articular targeting and retention in cartilage

Jeffrey Alan Hubbell, Dominique André Rothenfluh

The extracellular matrix of dense, avascular tissues presents a barrier to entry for polymer-based therapeutics, such as drugs encapsulated within polymeric particles. Here, we present an approach by which polymer nanoparticles, suffciently small to enter the matrix of the targeted tissue, here articular cartilage, are further modified with a biomolecular ligand for matrix binding. This combination of ultrasmall size and biomolecular binding converts the matrix from a barrier into a reservoir, resisting rapid release of the nanoparticles and clearance from the tissue site. Phage display of a peptide library was used to discover appropriate targeting ligands by biopanning on denuded cartilage. The ligand WYRGRL was selected in 94 of 96 clones sequenced after five rounds of biopanning and was demonstrated to bind to collagen II alpha 1. Peptide-functionalized nanoparticles targeted articular cartilage up to 72-fold more than nanoparticles displaying a scrambled peptide sequence following intra-articular injection in the mouse.

Nature Publishing Group2008

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Investigation of Integrin Expression in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells during Chondrogenesis in Different Culture Systems

Amanda Verpoorte

Cartilage tissue engineering aims to develop a material that can be implanted with cells to repair damage in articular cartilage. The extracellular matrix is known to play a key role in regulating stem cell behaviour via cell-matrix interactions and integrins are major cell adhesion receptors that act as intermediates between cells and their surrounding matrix. Integrin-mediated signalling is known to be important in chondrocytes and to drive chondrogenesis. In our study, we investigated integrin expression during chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) between three different high density 3D culture methods: pellet culture, micromass culture and collagen type II 3D hydrogels. Integrins are [alpha][beta] heterodimeric transmembrane proteins, so we quantified the mRNA expression of every alpha and beta subunit using quantitative polymerase chain reaction over a period of 21 days. In all culture methods, alpha and beta integrin subunits were down-regulated in hMSCs undergoing chondrogenesis compared to the same cells in growth medium, with the exception for integrin subunits [alpha]11 and [alpha]V which were upregulated in cells undergoing chondrogenesis . Moreover, similar transcript expression was identified irrespective of the culture system for the alpha subunits related to collagen-binding integrins, while the expression of fibronectin- and laminin-binding receptors was greatly variable and dependent on the culture method. In conclusion, this work has led to an increased understanding of the expression of integrins in hMSCs and during chondrogenesis. This knowledge can be used to design materials that present the ligands for these integrins to further improve cartilage tissue engineering.

2011

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Polypeptide ligands for targeting cartilage and methods of use thereof

Jeffrey Alan Hubbell, Dominique André Rothenfluh

Ligands that specifically bind to articular cartilage tissues are disclosed, including uses for targeting therapeutics towards articular cartilage tissue and new materials for articular cartilage. The ligands are effective in vivo to target therapeutic materials to articular cartilage.

2008

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BIOENG-449: Tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that broadly impacts human health. This course provides students an overview of how engineering approaches can be used to investigate and manipulate cell and tissue functions and enable students to be on the cutting edge of tissue engineering.

ME-482: Biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system

The basis for a mechanical description of the musculoskeletal system are presented. This description is based on the concepts of solid mechanics, physiology and anatomy of the musculoskeletal system. Concrete examples of the development of implants are also covered.