Criticism of communist party ruleThe actions by governments of communist states have been subject to criticism across the political spectrum. Communist party rule has been especially criticized by anti-communists and right-wing critics, but also by other socialists such as anarchists, trotskyists, democratic socialists, libertarian socialists and orthodox marxists. Ruling communist parties have also been challenged by domestic dissent. According to the critics, rule by communist parties has often led to totalitarianism, political repression, restrictions of human rights, poor economic performance, and cultural and artistic censorship.
Political cleansing of populationPolitical cleansing of a population is the elimination of categories of people in specific areas for political reasons. The means may vary from forced migration to genocide. Politicide is the deliberate physical destruction or elimination of a group whose members share the main characteristic of belonging to a political movement. It is a type of political repression and one of the means used to politically cleanse populations, another being forced migration.
Mass killingMass killing is a concept which has been proposed by genocide scholars who wish to define incidents of non-combat killing which are perpetrated by a government or a state. A mass killing is commonly defined as the killing of group members without the intention to eliminate the whole group, or otherwise the killing of large numbers of people without a clear group membership.
Crimes against humanity under communist regimesCrimes against humanity under communist regimes occurred during the 20th century, including forced deportations, massacres, torture, forced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, terror, ethnic cleansing, and enslavement, as well as deliberate starvation of people (during the Holodomor and the Great Leap Forward). Additional events included the use of genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, and complicity in genocide. Such events have been described as crimes against humanity.
Tibet (1912-1951)La période de l'histoire allant de 1912 à 1951 est celle durant laquelle le Tibet fut gouverné comme un État indépendant de facto, séparé de la Chine mais non reconnu internationalement. La nature exacte de cette indépendance sur le plan juridique fait l'objet de débats a posteriori. Alors qu'en 1910 les fonctionnaires impériaux prennent en main l'administration directe du Tibet après la fuite du dalaï-lama en Inde britannique, la dynastie Qing, en 1911, est renversée par la révolution chinoise.
Ingénierie sociale (science politique)L’ingénierie sociale est née de la professionnalisation du social. Dans le secteur social, les usagers vivent dans un contexte socioéconomique et environnemental de plus en plus complexe. Par ailleurs, la réponse sociale aux problèmes actuels de la société demande une compréhension de plus en plus large d'un problème : public cible, politique, environnement, économie, budget, législation, réseaux et partenariats, évaluation, cohérence... Aussi, l'ingénierie sociale désire appréhender la complexité du social pour en permettre des changements positifs sociétaux.
Iron rice bowl"Iron rice bowl" () is a Chinese term for an occupation with guaranteed job security. The Chinese term can be compared to the similar (but not identical) English concept of a "job for life". Traditionally, people considered to have such positions include military personnel, members of the civil service, as well as employees of various state-owned enterprises (through the mechanism of the work unit). The origin of the term "iron rice bowl" came from Jǐ Yún's journal, Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations ()(The Shadow Book of Ji Yun, Empress Wu Books, 2021): A beautiful maid works in a squire's home.
