Niyoga (नियोग) was an ancient Hindu practice, primarily followed during the ancient period. It permitted either the husband or the wife who had no child by their spouse to procreate a child with another man or a woman.
The epic Mahabharata describes one instance of niyoga. Queen Satyavati asks her eldest son, sage Vyasa to perform niyoga with both the widows of her younger son Vichitravirya. The widows, sisters Ambika and Ambalika and one of their maids, Parishrami bear Dhritarashtra, Pandu and Vidura, respectively.
The practise is also mentioned in the story of Sage Dirghatamas.
In the Manusmṛti, niyoga is described in IX.59-63, but the practice is also allowed in IX.64-68. This text (IX.167) describes the child born by niyoga as a kshetraja child of the husband-wife.
The Haihaya (Kalachuri) ruler Raja Raj Singh (c. 1689-1712) begot a son through niyoga on the advice of his Brahmin councilors.
Niyoga is the central issue of Anahat, a Marathi feature film directed by Amol Palekar. It was showcased at the International Film Festival of India 2003.
The movie Eklavya: The Royal Guard (2007) has this practice as the central plot. The title character played by Amitabh Bachchan is torn between his duty and the emotions for his children begotten by the practice of niyoga.
It is also portrayed in the 1989 film Oonch Neech Beech, where the character played by Kulbhushan Kharbanda, a sanyasi, is commanded by his teacher to perform niyoga.
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Vichitravirya (विचित्रवीर्य) is a character in the Mahabharata, where he is featured as a Kuru king. According to the Hindu epic, he is the younger son of Queen Satyavati and King Shantanu, and the de jure grandfather of the Pandavas and the Kauravas. He is also the half-brother of Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa and Bhishma. Vichitravirya has an elder brother named Chitrāngada, whom his half-brother Bhishma placed on the throne of the kingdom of the Kurus after Shantanu's death; he is a mighty warrior, but the king of the Gandharvas defeats and kills him at the end of a long battle.
Pandu (sanskrit IAST : pāṇḍu ; devanagari : पाण्डु) roi de Hastinapura dans le Mahābhārata, fils de , marié à Kunti et à Madri. Il est connu pour être le père (non géniteur) des cinq Pandava : Yudhisthira, Bhima, Arjuna et les jumeaux Nakula et Sahadeva. Ils s'opposèrent à leurs cousins les Kaurava. Les Pandava sont considérés comme les fils de Pandu parce qu'ils sont les enfants de ses deux épouses. Le Mahābhārata montre que ces héros sont des demi-dieux, fils d'une mortelle et d'un dieu : Pandu n'a en fait engendré aucun d'eux.
Vyāsa (devanāgarī : व्यास) est un rishi légendaire, auteur et compilateur « prototypique » de l'hindouisme. Vyāsa est considéré comme une fonction spirituelle et intellectuelle: ce mot sanskrit signifie « compilateur » et désigne les auteurs d'un grand nombre de textes et d'œuvres collectives. Il est connu sous le nom de Bādarāyaṇa en tant que fondateur du Védanta ayant vécu entre 200 av. J.-C. et 450 ap. J.-C. Il aurait écrit le Brahma sūtra.